An operant analysis of human altruistic responding.

abstract：:Laboratory research has shown that when subjects are given a choice between fixed-ratio and bi-valued mixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement, preference typically emerges for the mixed-ratio schedule even with a larger ratio requirement. The current study sought to replicate and extend these findings to children's mat...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mullane MP,Martens BK,Baxter EL,Steeg DV

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Characteristic patterns of conditioned key-pressing were maintained in the chimpanzee under a multiple 30-response fixed-ratio, 10-minute fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. Adjunctive drinking occurred with regularity during the fixed-interval schedule and, with less frequency, during 1-minute timeout perio...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Byrd LD

更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Under multiple schedules of reinforcement, previous research has generally observed tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of cocaine that has been dependent on schedule-parameter size in the context of fixed-ratio (FR) schedules, but not under the context of fixed-interval (FI) schedules of reinforcement. The curre...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Yoon JH,Branch MN

更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The peak procedure was used to study temporal control in pigeons exposed to seven fixed-interval schedules ranging from 7.5 to 480 s. The focus was on behavior in individual intervals. Quantitative properties of temporal control depended on whether the aspect of behavior considered was initial pause duration, the poin...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zeiler MD,Powell DG

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Grain was briefly presented to food-deprived pigeons intermittently and response-independently except during signaled timeouts. During Experiment 1, key pecks postponed the next timeout for a specified interval. Rates of pecking during time in were inversely related to the length of time pecking postponed the next tim...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Galbicka G,Branch MN

更新日期：1983-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Following pretraining with everyday objects, 1- to 4-year-old children received listener training with three pairs of arbitrary stimuli of differing shapes. For each pair, 9 children were trained to select one stimulus in response to the spoken word /zog/ and the other to the spoken word /vek/. Next, in the look-at-sa...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Horne PJ,Lowe CF,Randle VR

更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were presented with multiple schedules of alternating 90-sec components. When components in which grain was never presented alternated with components in which grain was presented on a variable-interval schedule, the average rate of responding in the variable-interval components increased, showing overall posi...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Buck SL,Rothstein B,Williams BA

更新日期：1975-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability of organisms to detect reinforcer-rate changes in choice preparations is positively related to two factors: the magnitude of the change in rate and the frequency with which rates change. Gallistel (2012) suggested similar rate-detection processes are responsible for decreases in responding during operant e...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Craig AR,Shahan TA

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:If a response key is regularly illuminated for several seconds before food is presented, pigeons will peck it after a moderate number of pairings; this "auto-shaping" procedure of Brown and Jenkins (1968) was explored further in the present series of four experiments. The first showed that pecking was maintained even ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Williams DR,Williams H

更新日期：1969-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three rats were exposed to a multiple schedule in which separate presentations of light and tone alternated with periods during which light and tone were absent. In Phase 1, light and tone each signalled identical variable-interval schedules of food delivery. In Phase 2, light and tone signalled separate but concurren...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Wiltz RA

更新日期：1974-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five groups of pigeons were food reinforced on various schedules. Half of each group were extinguished in the normal manner; the others were presented with a stimulus change, previously paired with reinforcement, each time they completed their respective fixed ratios. Response rate in training was an increasing negati...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Weissman NW,Crossman EK

更新日期：1966-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons pecked a key and rats pressed a lever for food reinforcement under large values of the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule. Each subject was tested under 10 different schedule values ranging from 1 to 45 min and was exposed to each schedule value at least twice. The mean interresponse time and mean...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Richardson WK,Loughead TE

更新日期：1974-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Emerging evidence suggests that nicotine may enhance short-term memory. Some of this evidence comes from nonhuman primate research using a procedure called delayed matching-to-sample, wherein the monkey is trained to select a comparison stimulus that matches some physical property of a previously presented sample stim...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Kangas BD,Branch MN

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Responding of three pigeons was maintained under conjunctive fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedules where a key peck produced food after both schedule requirements were completed. The individual schedule requirements were then successively removed and reinstated with responding maintained under the following conditions...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Barrett JE

更新日期：1975-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to a multiple schedule which provided equally frequent reinforcement in the presence of two stimuli but which produced markedly different rates of key-pecking. Generalization gradients were displaced away from the stimulus associated with the lower rate of key-pecking. Another group of pigeons had...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Yarczower M,Gollub LR,Dickson JF

更新日期：1968-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The proportion of time allocated to one component of a concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedule was computed for groups of interchangeover times (aggregates) within several intact time series. Variability in obtained proportions decreased as the number of interchangeover times within each aggregate incr...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Real PG,Dreyfus LR

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four rats obtained food pellets by poking a key and 5-s presentations of the discriminative stimuli by pressing a lever. Every 1 or 2 min, the prevailing schedule of reinforcement for key poking alternated between rich (either variable-interval [VI] 30 s or VI 60 s) and lean (either VI 240 s, VI 480 s, or extinction) ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Gaynor ST,Shull RL

更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous research has shown that Lewis rats make more impulsive choices than Fischer 344 rats. Such strain-related differences in choice are important as they may provide an avenue for exploring genetic and neurochemical contributions to impulsive choice. The present systematic replication was designed to determine if...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Madden GJ,Smith NG,Brewer AT,Pinkston JW,Johnson PS

更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Unsignalled, inescapable shocks were presented to four albino rats in one study and to six rats in a second study. By pressing a lever, subjects could change the condition to signalled shock for 3 min after which unsignalled shock was automatically reinstated. All subjects changed frequently to the signalled shock sch...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Badia P,Culbertson S,Harsh J

更新日期：1973-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Same/Different abstract-concept learning by Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) was tested with novel stimuli following learning of training set expansion (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, and 1024 picture items). The resulting set-size function was compared to those from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), capuchin ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Wright AA,Magnotti JF,Katz JS,Leonard K,Kelly DM

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We investigated the effects of discriminative stimuli on choice in a highly variable environment using a procedure in which multiple two-key concurrent VI VI components changed every 10 reinforcers and were signaled by differential flashes of red and yellow keylights. Across conditions, five pigeons were exposed to a ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Krägeloh CU,Elliffe DM,Davison M

更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rodent models have been especially useful for investigating adolescent ethanol exposure. However, there is a paucity of studies examining sex differences in behavioral intoxication from adolescent ethanol drinking. Here, we used an ethanol drinking model to investigate if adolescent rats of both sexes readily drink et...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Westbrook SR,Kang M,Sherrill LK,O'Hearn D,Krishnamani T,Gulley JM

更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The authors of four papers recently reported that satiation provides a better explanation than habituation for within-session decreases in conditioned responding. Several arguments question this conclusion. First, the contribution of habituation to within-session changes in responding seems clearly established. Inform...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McSweeney FK,Murphy ES

更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cooperative responses of pairs of human subjects were reinforced under several stimulus conditions in two settings designed to require a "social" response, i.e., where at least one of the two persons is responding to the behavior of the other. The first task, designed by Lindsley and Cohen, required individual res...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Schmitt DR,Marwell G

更新日期：1968-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The article discusses two important influences of B. F. Skinner, and later workers in the behavior-analytic tradition, on the study of animal timing. The first influence is methodological, and is traced from the invention of schedules imposing temporal constraints or periodicities on animals in The Behavior of Organis...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lejeune H,Richelle M,Wearden JH

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Classic matching theory, which is based on Herrnstein's (1961) original matching equation and includes the well-known quantitative law of effect, is almost certainly false. The theory is logically inconsistent with known experimental findings, and experiments have shown that its central constant-k assumption is not te...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McDowell JJ

更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two experiments were designed to assess whether depriving rats of food would increase the reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running (Experiment 1) and whether satiation for wheel running would decrease the reinforcement effectiveness of food (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, a progressive-ratio schedule was used to ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Pierce WD,Epling WF,Boer DP

更新日期：1986-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The odor span task is a procedure frequently used to study remembering of multiple stimuli in rodents. A large arena is used and odor stimuli are presented using scented cups. Selection of each odor is reinforced when first presented, but not on subsequent presentations; correct selections depend on remembering which ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Galizio M,Mason MG,Bruce K

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Treatments based on differential reinforcement of alternative behavior, such as functional communication training, are widely used. Research regarding the maintenance of related treatment effects is limited. Nevin and Wacker (2013) provided a conceptual framework, rooted in behavioral momentum theory, for the study of...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Ringdahl JE,Berg WK,Wacker DP,Crook K,Molony MA,Vargo KK,Neurnberger JE,Zabala K,Taylor CJ

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The purpose of this study was to model hierarchical classification as contextually controlled, generalized relational responding or relational framing. In Experiment 1, a training procedure involving nonarbitrarily related multidimensional stimuli was used to establish two arbitrary shapes as contextual cues for 'memb...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Slattery B,Stewart I

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00