Abstract：
:This paper examines findings on the neuroregulatory effects of nicotine in an effort to formulate a unified hypothesis that can explain the remarkable persistence of smoking behavior. Because nicotine alters the bioavailability of several behaviorally active neuroregulators, including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, beta-endorphin, and vasopressin, we propose that nicotine is "used" by smokers to produce temporary improvements in performance or affect. Under this formulation, a potential large number of exteroceptive and interoceptive cues unrelated to the nicotine-dependence cycle may serve as discriminative stimuli for smoking, over and above smoking to terminate or avoid withdrawal. The rapid action of nicotine, and its diverse neuroregulatory effects, render it particularly effective as a "coping response" to the demands of daily living. Of special interest in this regard is a biphasic pattern of arousal/catecholaminergic activation followed by cholinergic blockade or beta-endorphin release. Apparently smokers can adjust nicotine intake to enhance these effects selectively, which may add considerably to the appeal of smoking.
journal_name
Neurosci Biobehav Revjournal_title
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviewsauthors
Pomerleau OF,Pomerleau CSdoi
10.1016/0149-7634(84)90007-1subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1984-01-01 00:00:00pages
503-13issue
4eissn
0149-7634issn
1873-7528journal_volume
8pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Risk assessment is the attempt to characterize the chance of obtaining an adverse effect after exposure to an agent. Traditionally, high levels of an agent have been used to estimate the likelihood a lower dose might have an effect either by using low-dose extrapolation models or by attempting to establish a dose with...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80108-3
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although neuroimaging investigations in human cocaine abusers have provided important insights into the brain changes that accompany drug use, the interpretation of reports in human abusers can be very difficult. Studies in nonhuman primates provide a way to systematically evaluate the structural and functional adapta...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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abstract：:In utero exposure to environmental stress in both animals and humans could result in long-term epigenome alterations which further lead to consequences for adaptation and development in the offspring. Epigenetics, especially DNA methylation, is considered one of the most widely studied and well-characterized mechanism...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.016
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00056-2
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Males of many animal species perform specialized courtship behaviours to gain copulations with females. Identifying physiological and anatomical specializations underlying performance of these behaviours helps clarify mechanisms through which sexual selection promotes the evolution of elaborate courtship. Our knowledg...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.017
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abstract：:Human adolescence has been characterized by increases in risk-taking, emotional lability, and deficient patterns of behavioral regulation. These behaviors have often been attributed to changes in brain structure that occur during this developmental period, notably alterations in gray and white matter that impact synap...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.007
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.12.007
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80014-4
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00065-9
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.017
更新日期：2021-01-14 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.008
更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.006
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.019
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0149-7634(95)00040-l
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Within research into neurodevelopmental disorders, little is known about the mechanisms underpinning changes in symptom severity across development. When the behavioural presentation of a condition improves/symptoms lessen, this may be because core underlying atypicalities in cognition/neural function have ameliorated...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.005
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Emotional hyperthermia, circadian variations and the rise of body temperature related to exercise, have all been attributed to setpoint temperature shifts. The accepted theory holds that core temperature is regulated by corrective thermoregulatory responses opposing the core temperature deviations from the setpoint le...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(97)00051-1
更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.09.007
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The gene coding for the dopamine transporter (DAT), SLC6A3, contains a 40-base pair variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism (rs28363170) in its 3' untranslated region. This VNTR has been associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has been investigated in relation to cognition and...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.008
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a neuromodulation therapy that has been used successfully in the treatment of symptoms associated with movement disorders, has recently undergone clinical trials for individuals suffering from treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Although the small patient numbers and open label study de...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.001
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dopamine hypotheses of several psychiatric disorders are based upon the clinical benefits of drugs affecting dopamine transporter or receptors, and have prompted intensive candidate gene research within the dopaminergic system during the last two decades. The aim of this review is to survey the most important findings...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.002
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Stress experienced during the sensitive prenatal, postnatal and early childhood periods of brain development can have damaging consequences for developing biological systems. Stressors imposed by early physical vulnerabilities and an adverse care giving environment is proposed to set in motion early precursors of late...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.08.002
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An increasing number of human electroencephalography (EEG) studies examining the earliest component of the visual evoked potential, the so-called C1, have cast doubts on the previously prevalent notion that this component is impermeable to top-down effects. This article reviews the original studies that (i) described ...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.011
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most common mental health issue, afflicting around 33% of stroke survivors. PSD has a negative impact on the rehabilitation, recuperation of motor and cognitive deficits following stroke and significantly increases the chances of relapsing neurovascular events. It has been demonstra...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.005
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.003
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reviewed is how behavioural context influences saccadic eye movements elicited electrically from the neocortex of monkeys. Factors found to affect stimulation-evoked saccades include (1) motor state, i.e. whether stimulation is delivered during free-viewing, or during or after active fixation, or before an animal is a...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.10.001
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dementia is a major cause of disability amongst the elderly and represents a serious global health issue. Current treatments for dementia are limited; at best they provide inadequate symptomatic relief. In contrast, there are a plethora of approaches that provide symptomatic relief for abnormalities of movement includ...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.09.003
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
