Abstract：
:Accurately defining a patient's risk of developing breast cancer is a challenging endeavor. Many factors have been implicated in the causation of breast cancer and quantifying them is difficult. Risk stratification is performed using population models, such as the Gail model, as well as the patient's personal and family history and genetic testing. The clinician who is facile with these components will not only be able to identify those patients at highest risk for whom heightened surveillance is recommended, but also to allay the fears of the average-risk patient and provide them reassurance. Patients who are at very high risk of developing breast cancer are BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation carriers, those with a personal history of atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ with associated family history, those who have undergone therapeutic or similarly significant radiation exposure, and those with a history of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation in the family of an untested individual. Patients with an elevated risk, but not in the very high risk category, are those with a family history of breast cancer, personal history of breast cancer, significantly dense breast tissue, hormone replacement therapy longer than 10 years, and a history of atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ without family history of breast cancer. Risk-reducing strategies include chemoprevention with tamoxifen or raloxifene and surgical prophylaxis with bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and/or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. A high-risk surveillance regimen includes annual mammography, annual magnetic resonance imaging in selected individuals, and semiannual clinical breast exams.
journal_name
Obstet Gynecoljournal_title
Obstetrics and gynecologyauthors
Willey SC,Cocilovo Cdoi
10.1097/01.AOG.0000295638.83285.97subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-12-01 00:00:00pages
1404-16issue
6eissn
0029-7844issn
1873-233Xpii
110/6/1404journal_volume
110pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Obstetric Practice acknowledges that the issue of nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy is an important concern for physicians who care for women. Because of the difficulty of conducting large-scale randomized clinical trials in this population, the...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0000000000003174
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To describe episiotomy usage at vaginal delivery in the United States from 1979-1997. METHODS:We used the National Hospital Discharge Survey, a federal database of a national sample of inpatient hospitals. Data from 1979 to 1997 were analyzed using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Cl...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02449-3
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To prospectively compare the Protein C Global assay results in a cohort of infertile women who conceived after assisted reproductive technology (ART) with results from women who conceived spontaneously. METHODS:Sixty-four infertile women who conceived after ART and 47 fertile women who conceived spontaneousl...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181db67f3
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Aggressive angiomyxoma is a rare, locally infiltrative tumor, frequently occurring in female patients. Although wide local excision is considered standard therapy, radical surgery may be needed. CASE:A 49-year-old woman presented with an aggressive angiomyxoma involving the vulva and bladder. Given the horm...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0000000000002254
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of the nitroblue tetrozolium (NRT) dye reduction test as a screening method for bacterial and fungal infections is now widely recognized. Levels have been reported to be falsely elevated in the pregnant state. This report includes a prospective study which showed that the results of this test in 124 pregnant w...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1975-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Singleton neonates born after in vitro fertilization (IVF) are at increased risk for low birth weight, preterm delivery, or both. We sought to assess whether the alteration of the peri-implantation maternal environment resulting from ovarian stimulation may contribute to increased risk of low birth weight in ...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0b013e31822be65f
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness of an outcomes-management program designed to provide high-quality patient care, generate data for outcomes research, and decrease costs in a managed-care environment. METHODS:An outcomes-management program was launched in June 1994, based on the elimination of wasteful or ineff...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00008-2
更新日期：1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of 3 common intrauterine resuscitation techniques used during labor. METHODS:Intrauterine resuscitation techniques were prospectively evaluated in healthy women during labor. Forty-two women were randomized to either a 500-mL or 1,000-mL intravenous (IV) fluid bolus over 20 minutes. ...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1097/01.AOG.0000164474.03350.7c
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine risk factors for hysterectomy, pelvic pain, and continued menorrhagia after rollerball endometrial ablation. METHODS:All women having rollerball endometrial ablations between 1990 and 2000 were sent standardized questionnaires on pre- and postablation symptoms, satisfaction with the ablation, an...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02185-3
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To compare the attitudes and expectations that obstetric patients and medical students bring to the student-patient relationship in intrapartum care. METHODS:Written questionnaires were distributed to obstetric patients who had students assist in their labor and delivery care and to medical students who had ...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0029-7844(96)00191-3
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transabdominal ultrasonography in obese pregnant women is often unsatisfactory because of the poor transmission of ultrasound through a thickened abdominal wall. We report our experience with the placement of a transvaginal probe in the umbilicus to improve resolution in obese pregnant patients. The technique, which i...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0029-7844(94)00342-b
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:The first transdermal drug delivery system was introduced in the United States over 20 years ago. Created as an alternative route of administration to improve patient compliance as well as to reduce side effects, the transdermal delivery of drugs now represents a $1.5 to $2 billion market and is growing ra...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/01.AOG.0000161958.70059.db
更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:A rare type of placentation leading to cesarean delivery and hysterectomy is described. CASE:A young multigravida in the 26th week of gestation was referred to our department with a history of vaginal bleeding and suspected placenta previa. Three previous children were delivered by elective cesarean. Ultras...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00629-x
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate amniotic fluid arachidonic acid metabolites using enzymatic and nonenzymatic (lipid peroxidation) pathways in spontaneous preterm birth and term births, and to estimate whether prostanoid concentrations correlate with risk factors (race, cigarette smoking, and microbial invasion of amniotic cavity...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182204eaa
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To develop and validate a predictive risk calculator for cesarean delivery among women undergoing induction of labor. METHODS:We performed a population-based cohort study of all women who had singleton live births after undergoing induction of labor from 32 0/7 to 42 6/7 weeks of gestation in the United Stat...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0000000000003696
更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Mifepristone and oral misoprostol are typically used for medical abortion in women up to 49 days of gestation, with a 36- to 48-hour interval between the medications. Alternative routes of misoprostol administration allow for use beyond 49 days of gestation. We designed this randomized, noninferiority trial t...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1097/01.AOG.0000258298.35143.d2
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fifty-eight infants of 3332 deliveries (1.7%) were found to be growth retarded (IGR) at birth. For purposes of analysis, the infants were divided into 2 groups according to gestational age at delivery: Group I infants were delivered between 38 and 43 weeks' gestation, and Group II infants were delivered between 28 and...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of repeated freezing and thawing. on certain properties of early gestation amniotic fluid were studied. Six anmiotic fluids from 15- to 17-week gestations were investigated. Total protein determinations revealed that there was no significant loss of total protein with rapid freezing and thawing up to 10 ti...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1975-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Perinatal asphyxia at term is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. In many instances obstetric or maternal complications during pregnancy, labor, or delivery account for the asphyxia, but there is a group of infants in whom asphyxia occurs without any recognizable risk factors. The histories of 1602 infants were ...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To quantify the risk of residual invasion when cervical conization reveals microinvasive squamous carcinoma and to determine whether any factors affect this risk. METHODS:We reviewed the charts and histopathology slides of 87 women who underwent a conization that contained microinvasive squamous carcinoma, f...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00414-6
更新日期：1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess how a strategy to maximize access to emergency contraceptive pills would affect rates of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. METHODS:Sexually active women, 14-24 years old, were randomly assigned to two methods of access to emergency contraceptive pills: increased access (two packages of...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1097/01.AOG.0000235708.91572.db
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors determined the prevalence of certain major congenital disorders among live-born infants of 6509 mothers in a prepaid health plan for the 30-month period of January 1, 1980 through June 30, 1982 who used a wide variety of drugs during the first trimester of pregnancy. The results were similar to those obtai...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To estimate the safety of fertility-conserving surgery for stage IA1 cervical cancer and to analyze predictors of access to conization. METHODS:We analyzed women with stage IA1 cervical cancer aged 40 years or younger who were diagnosed between 1988 and 2005 and recorded in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, an...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181d06b68
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cerebral hemodynamics were studied in eight nonpregnant women and 24 women in late pregnancy by internal carotid artery velocimetry with a 3.5-MHz continuous-wave Doppler system. Criteria for supine hypotensive syndrome were a mean blood pressure decrease of 15 mmHg and a 2-minute sustained increase in pulse of 20 bea...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Only one case of plasma cell cervicitis, a rare variant of chronic cervicitis, has been reported. We report a second case and present data supporting the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) outside of epithelial tissues. CASE:A 67-year-old woman was found to have a large cervical tumor. Extensive diagno...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the value of the fetal nonstress test (NST) in predicting neonatal transfusion in pregnancies complicated by red cell isoimmunization. METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients evaluated for isoimmunization in pregnancy for the period January 1992 to December 1994. In addition...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0029-7844(96)00180-9
更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is generally accepted that the human placenta is impermeable to free insulin and that insulin present in the fetus is entirely of fetal origin. A recent study suggested that antibody-bound animal insulin crosses the placental barrier and may exert direct effects on fetal growth. We hypothesized that mothers with in...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To estimate whether the urinary force of stream method is noninferior to a standard fill voiding trial for rate of catheterization within 6 weeks after apical prolapse surgery in those discharged without a catheter. METHODS:A noninferiority randomized controlled trial was conducted in postoperative women com...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1097/AOG.0000000000003159
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism characterized by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine, and elevated levels of Phe and Phe metabolite. All women with PKU or hyperphe...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c6f93d
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study attempted to elucidate the etiology of cervical cancer by examining its association with a number of factors in a relatively unselected group of women. In 1963, a cytologic screening program was undertaken in Washington County, Maryland. The irrigation smear method was used. The final study group of 4341...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1966-10-01 00:00:00
