The FDA critical path initiative and its influence on new drug development.

abstract：:Proteinuric chronic kidney disease (CKD), once a rare affliction believed to be mainly caused by genetic mutations, has become a global pandemic that severely diminishes the quality of life for millions. Despite the changing face of CKD, treatment options and resources remain woefully antiquated and have failed to arr...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Reiser J,Sever S

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The neuropeptide substance P modulates the activities of a number of different leukocytes that characterize both acute and delayed inflammatory responses. Substance P may play a role in the pathogenesis of such diverse diseases as arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Payan DG

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Life expectancy has increased dramatically in the United States and in much of the world in recent years and decades. The factors underlying this increase are incompletely understood and are undoubtedly complex. A question that drives current research is whether life expectancy can be further extended using current kn...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Sierra F,Hadley E,Suzman R,Hodes R

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The purpose of the psychiatric hospital changed dramatically during the twentieth century. Formerly the primary location for psychiatric treatment, the hospital now plays a more circumscribed role within a community-based system of care. Crisis stabilization, safety, and a focus on rapid discharge are the critical com...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Sharfstein SS

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The calcium antagonists are an exciting "class" of drugs that are already making an important impact in the treatment of coronary artery disease. All three drugs in use in the US, verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem, are effective coronary vasodilators. In addition, verapamil and diltiazem have antiarrhythmic activit...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Schwartz A,Triggle DJ

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is now well recognized that the atherosclerotic plaques responsible for thrombus formation are not necessarily those that impinge most on the lumen of the vessel. Nevertheless, clinical investigations for atherosclerosis still focus on quantifying the degree of stenosis caused by plaques. Many of the features assoc...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Owen DR,Lindsay AC,Choudhury RP,Fayad ZA

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The number of patients with end-stage heart failure (HF) continues to increase over time, but there has been little change in the availability of organs for cardiac transplantation, intensifying the demand for left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) as a bridge to transplantation. There is also a growing number of pat...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Miller RJH,Teuteberg JJ,Hunt SA

更新日期：2019-01-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Atrial flutter is a macroreentrant tachyarrhythmia most often contained within the right atrium. Typical atrial flutter is defined on an electrocardiogram by the classic "sawtooth" pattern of flutter waves with negative polarity in leads II, III, and aVF. In contrast to atrial fibrillation, which is sustained by multi...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Daoud EG,Morady F

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Renal involvement by systemic lupus is variable; some patients have minimal clinical and histologic involvement, whereas others have fulminant renal failure and severe proliferative renal lesions on biopsy. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification has greatly aided in the study of lupus nephritis. This class...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Appel GB,Valeri A

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The intestinal immune system has the challenge of maintaining both a state of tolerance toward intestinal antigens and the ability to combat pathogens. This balance is partially achieved by reciprocal regulation of proinflammatory, effector CD4(+) T cells and tolerizing, suppressive regulatory T cells. Inflammatory bo...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Abraham C,Cho JH

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Our understanding of the role of the immune system in modulating glomerular injury continues to evolve. The participation of antibody, complement, and neutrophils alone cannot completely explain many aspects of the pathways of experimental and human glomerulonephritis. The elements of the immune system that mediate ce...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Rovin BH,Schreiner GF

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This brief review highlights the rise in asthma mortality witnessed in many countries. It outlines the multifactorial character of this phenomenon, which in most instances is a complex interplay between physician, patient, and environment. The pathophysiology of airflow obstruction and in particular the role of hyperi...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： FitzGerald JM,Macklem P

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important public health problem worldwide, resulting in a estimated 8 to 10 million new cases and 2 to 3 million deaths each year. Between 1953 and 1985, the number of TB cases in the US declined by an average of 6% per year. However, since 1985, TB has been increasing in the US. Approxima...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Huebner RE,Castro KG

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Clonal populations of cells can be identified by a number of different independent approaches, including analyses of karyotype, gene rearrangements, deletions or point mutations, X-linked polymorphisms, and integration of virus into the genome. Assessment of clonality has yielded valuable and surprising clues to the p...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Gilliland DG,Blanchard KL,Bunn HF

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Given the increasing understanding of cancer as a heterogeneous group of diseases, detection methods should offer a sensitivity profile that ensures perfect sensitivity for biologically important cancers while screening out self-limiting pseudocancers. However, mammographic screening is biased toward detection of duct...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Kuhl CK

更新日期：2019-01-27 00:00:00

abstract：:The familial nature of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (FMEN) has been recognized for some time but little is known about their cause. Recent application of new molecular techniques has mapped FMEN syndromes to specific chromosomes and provided evidence for the mechanism through which neoplasia occurs. In this ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Nanes MS,Catherwood BD

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Precision medicine was conceptualized on the strength of genomic sequence analysis. High-throughput functional metrics have enhanced sequence interpretation and clinical precision. These technologies include metabolomics, magnetic resonance imaging, and I rhythm (cardiac monitoring), among others. These technologies a...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Caskey T

更新日期：2018-01-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The development of an HIV vaccine is proving to be an unprecedented challenge. The difficulty in creating this vaccine arises from the enormous genetic variation of the virus and the unusual importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in controlling its spread. Whereas traditional vaccine strategies are unlikely to co...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Letvin NL

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Kawasaki Syndrome is a newly recognized clinical entity characterized by multisystem involvement. It has an acute onset and a triphasic clinical course. Although essentially a self-limited disease, permanent vascular damage, especially involving the coronary arteries, may result. Pathologically the disease is characte...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Melish ME

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:All potent CNS depressant drugs can depress cardiac function in man in a dose-dependent manner. The dose-effect curve is considerably flatter with several drugs (diethyl ether, cyclopropane, fluroxene, isoflurane, and ketamine), presumably from sympathetic nervous-system activation. Potent analgesics and tranquilizers...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Merin RG

更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CCR5 antagonists inhibit HIV-1 entry by blocking the interaction of HIV-1 with the CCR5 cellular receptor. In patients with established HIV-1 infection, some viral strains use an alternative coreceptor for HIV-1 entry, CXCR4; CCR5 antagonists are not effective in patients harboring these viral strains. Coreceptor trop...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Wilkin TJ,Gulick RM

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the past 10 years, the number of genetic tests performed more than tripled, and public concern about genetic privacy emerged. The majority of states and the U.S. government have passed regulations protecting genetic information. However, research has shown that concerns about genetic privacy are disproportionat...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Sankar P

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Major inhalational anesthetics cause inhibition in the electron transport chain in the region of Complex I resulting in decreased oxygen utilization, inhibition of metabolism of NAD-linked substrates, but not of succinate, inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uptake, and depression of synaptic transmission because of p...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Brunner EA,Cheng SC,Berman ML

更新日期：1975-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The basis of the current treatment of rectal cancer is a radical total mesorectal excision of the rectum, and although this provides excellent oncological control, it is associated with morbidity and functional problems in cancer survivors. Organ-preservation alternatives are local excision alone for very early tumors...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Beets GL,Figueiredo NF,Beets-Tan RG

更新日期：2017-01-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Our understanding and treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has progressed since 1960 in parallel with work on cancer in general. CML provided the first evidence of a specific genetic change associated with a human cancer (the Philadelphia chromosome) and the clonal nature of these disorders. With improved c...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Nowell PC

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In vitro coculture studies of normal T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, or monocytes with human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) suggest a potential role for immune cells in the regulation of hematopoiesis. In some patients with severe aplastic anemia or selective pure red cell, white cell, or megakaryocyte...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Mangan KF

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Infantile autism probably has many etiologies. Several specific genetic disorders appear to be associated with the syndrome much more often than would be expected by chance, but these account for only a minority of cases. In the majority of cases, where etiology is still unknown, genetic factors probably also play a r...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Folstein SE

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas can be diagnosed and staged effectively by computed tomography (CT) scan and by visceral angiography. If the tumor appears to be resectable, no further studies such as percutaneous biopsy are required. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is the only potentially curable treatment. This operati...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Cameron JL

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurocysticercosis is now recognized as a common cause of neurologic disease in developing countries and the United States. The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations vary with the site of infection and accompanying host response. Inactive infection should be treated symptomatically. Active parenchymal infection res...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： White AC Jr

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The standard of care for the evaluation of axillary nodal involvement remains complete lymph node dissection. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy are changing this long-held paradigm; indeed, several leading institutions already reserve complete axillary dissection for patients with metastasis to th...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Cox CE,Bass SS,McCann CR,Ku NN,Berman C,Durand K,Bolano M,Wang J,Peltz E,Cox S,Salud C,Reintgen DS,Lyman GH

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00