Abstract:
:The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory of India, are home to six primitive tribes, namely the Great Andamanese, Onges, Jarawas and Sentinelese (Negrito race), and the Shompens and Nicobarese (Mongoloid race). These tribes account for about 8% of the island's population and the Nicobarese constitute >95% of the tribal population. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is highly endemic among them with the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) ranging from 23% among the Nicobarese to 66% among the Jarawas. The high HBsAg prevalence among pregnant mothers (20.5%), a linear increase in the age-specific rates of HBV exposure and the presence of HBsAg-positive individuals in every family suggested a combination of perinatal and horizontal transmission among the Nicobarese. Molecular studies of HBV isolates from the Onges, Nicobarese and Great Andamanese indicated a predominance of genotype D and there was a close similarity between these isolates and isolates from mainland India, suggesting that HBV may have been introduced from mainland India. In contrast, genotype C predominated among the Jarawas, with isolates similar to strains from Southeast Asian countries. Due to its high prevalence, hepatitis B vaccine is included in the childhood vaccination programme in these islands. It might be worth considering a pilot screening programme for chronic HBV patients to detect hepatocellular carcinoma.
journal_name
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygauthors
Murhekar MV,Murhekar KM,Sehgal SCdoi
10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.044subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-08-01 00:00:00pages
729-34issue
8eissn
0035-9203issn
1878-3503pii
S0035-9203(08)00215-0journal_volume
102pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Between July 1989 and December 1990, 4504 new adult patients with tuberculosis were screened for antibodies to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) 1 and 2 in Abidjan's 2 tuberculosis treatment centres. The prevalence levels of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections were 30.2% and 4.2% respectively, a further 9.3% of patients rea...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(93)90420-u
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::368 strains of Shigella were recovered from stool specimens in the Department of Medical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, during the period January 1980 to December 1984. S. flexneri was found to be the most common (60%) followed by S. boydii (20.7%), S. dysenteriae (14.1%) and S. sonnei...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(87)90383-x
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The in vitro blastogenesis response of lymphocytes from 19 patients, with either visceral or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis or Chagas disease, to antigens of the Leishmania-Trypanosoma complex was studied. Cells from all patients responded to both homologous and heterologous antigens and the magnitude of the responses di...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(87)90291-4
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common comorbidities in HIV-positive patients with CD4+ T lymphocytes below 200 cells/μl. Early diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis reduces the mortality rate in HIV-positive people. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection ...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/trstmh/trz082
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 'non-blind' randomized hand washing intervention study was conducted in a low socioeconomic community in Rangoon to determine if hand washing by 494 children under 5 years old and their mothers could reduce the incidence of diarrhoea and dysentery in these children. Children and mothers in the intervention group wer...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(89)90737-2
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to understand better the relationship among Mycobacterium leprae, its transmission and the human host or the chain of infection which may lead to the development of leprosy, we performed a population survey in which nasal carriage of M. leprae was determined by a specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 2 ye...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(95)90018-7
更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Toxocara canis larva-specific antigens was used to confirm a presumptive clinical diagnosis of visceral larva migrans in patients whose serum specimens were submitted to the Center for Disease Control. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(79)90077-4
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibiotic resistance on account of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) has become a major public health concern in developing countries. The presence of ESBL-PE is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. There is no active antimicrobial surveillance mechan...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/trstmh/trz125
更新日期:2020-04-08 00:00:00
abstract::Quantitative antibody responses of individual Kenyan children to a tegument membrane preparation from adult schistosomes have been studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Qualitative differences between patients were examined by electrophoretic fractionation of the membrane preparation followed by Western blotti...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(87)90034-4
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The factors which identify patients at risk of treatment failure were characterized in 1590 children and adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria treated with 15 or 25 mg/kg of mefloquine on the borders of Thailand. Six independent predictors of failure were identified using multiple logistic regression. Age < or ...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(95)90435-2
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review discusses three inter-related topics: (1) the immaturity of the neonatal and infant immune response; (2) heterologous immunity, where prior infection history with unrelated pathogens alters disease outcome resulting in either enhanced protective immunity or increased immunopathology to new infections, and ...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/trstmh/tru198
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During April-October 1992 in Zambia, 1861 pregnant women attending prenatal clinics in 3 urban health centers in Lusaka and 5 district hospitals in various provinces were recruited to examine the association between HIV infection and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. 340 (18.3%) tested positive for HIV infection. H...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90227-8
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A clinical, serological, parasitological and therapeutic study of cutaneous leishmaniasis was carried out in a low sub-andean area (250-800 metres) of the La Paz Department, Bolivia. A team of seismic prospectors (350 workers) was surveyed for 12 months. Of 200 suspected cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis, 185 were sero...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(87)90014-9
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We investigated whether the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed with aspirates of bone marrow or lymph node can be used as a test of cure of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Sixty-one VL patients who had received supervised treatment with sodium stibogluconate in the health centre of Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) H...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(98)91063-x
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Two long sewerage canals in the city of Kolkata, India were heavily infested with larvae, pupae and egg rafts of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Although the burden of bancroftian filariasis and other diseases transmitted by C. quinquefasciatus in the city is practically zero, the night-biting mosquitoe...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/trstmh/trs026
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Defaecation timing of the Triatominae vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi directly affects the transmission probability of Chagas disease to mammal hosts. Experimental studies with fifth instar nymphs of Triatoma infestans showed that defaecation time was negatively affected by blood meal size and positively affected by star...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(91)90462-8
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pneumocystis carinii occurs in 60-65% of cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Europe and North America. Its prevalence in Africa is unknown, however, due to a lack of suitable investigative techniques. Initial studies suggest that this parasitic complication may be lower in Africa. An investigation of...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(91)90167-w
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thirty-six hospital in-patients in London had breath-hydrogen concentrations measured after 50 g lactose were given orally; in 23 or them serial blood glucose concentrations were also estimated. Eight had tropical malabsorption (TM), 14 were Europeans with no detectable disease (normal group) and 14 who also had no de...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(78)90208-0
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The antitumour antibiotic bleomycin, supplied as commercial BlenoxaneR (a mixture of bleomycinic acids), at 7 or 14 mg/kg prolonged life greater than 30 days beyond death of controls without relapse or sign of trypanosomes in the peripheral blood of mice infected with Trypanosoma b. brucei EATRO 110. Control mice died...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(81)90101-2
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper reports on adverse reactions following a 12-day course of 6 mg/kg diethylcarbamazine (DEC) therapy in brugian filariasis patients in Indonesia. Microfilaria-positive individuals (n = 26), 'endemic normals' (n = 12) and elephantiasis patients (n = 17) were included in the study. Fever, headache and body ache...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90194-3
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The first case of Sarcocystis infection is reported from West Malaysia. A cyst was seen as an incidental finding in a biopsy specimen from the larynx of the patient. The cyst and the cystozoites were of the small size with no evidence of cytophaneres or compartments. ...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(75)90108-x
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this study was to investigate complement activation in uncomplicated, early phases of human malaria. Fifteen healthy volunteers were experimentally infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Parasitemia and complement activation products were assessed. During blood stage parasitemia, volunteers show...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.02.023
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The spread of chloroquine-resistant malaria has led to a resurgence of quinine in clinical use. One of the well-known side effects of quinine, reversible hearing loss, is closely related to the plasma concentration. We suggest that this hearing effect could be used as an aid in therapy control when quinine drug assay ...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(90)90069-q
更新日期:1990-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The dog infected with Brugia pahangi is an excellent model for studying the clinical and immunological pathogenesis of lymphatic filarial infection and disease. Dogs demonstrated a range of clinical changes including varying levels of microfilaraemia, episodic lymphadenopathy, lymphangitis, and limb oedema similar to ...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(89)90394-5
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacteraemia associated with severe malaria in childhood is a sporadically reported phenomenon but its incidence and clinical importance are unknown. We have reviewed clinical and laboratory data from 783 Kenyan children sequentially admitted with a primary diagnosis of severe malaria. The overall incidence of bacterae...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90024-x
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper reports the morphological and biochemical characterization of the species of Schistosoma infecting humans in the Republic of São Tomé and Principe. The eggs are typical in shape and size of S. intercalatum, measuring on average between 174.5 microns and 189.1 microns. The eggs are voided in the faeces and n...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(94)90441-3
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The results of epidemiological surveys and the follow-up of malaria endemicity are often difficult to compare due to the high frequency of low-density parasitaemia in semi-immune populations. Detecting malaria parasites is dependent on the conditions and methods of parasitological examination. A standardized method of...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(85)90329-3
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Subclinical mastitis, defined as raised milk sodium/potassium (Na/K) ratio is common and associated with poor infant growth and increased mother-to-child HIV transmission. In 1996-97, we conducted a randomized controlled trial of multiple micronutrient supplementation, at recommended daily allowance levels, from 22 to...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(03)90124-6
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Global travel and migration trends have meant a huge increase in the numbers of people exposed to tropical parasitic diseases. Thus, there is an increasing need for robust, reproducible and reliable diagnostic techniques in the field. Advanced molecular and lateral flow techniques have pushed the boundaries of clinica...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/trstmh/try129
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a specific, irreversible inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis shown to be curative in animal models inoculated with various Trypanosoma spp., was evaluated in the Southern Sudan in a preliminary open clinical field trial in patients infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. 20 patients...
journal_title:Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0035-9203(85)90195-6
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00