Abstract:
OBJECTIVES:We assessed the prevalence of antituberculosis drug resistance among children with tuberculosis (TB) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. METHODS:Drug susceptibility testing for isoniazid and rifampin was prospectively done on all children with culture-confirmed TB at Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Cape Town, from March 2005 through February 2007. Survey results were compared with results from 2 previous surveys. RESULTS:We found 291 children had culture-confirmed TB. Resistance to isoniazid or rifampin increased from 21 of 306 (6.9%) to 41 of 319 (12.9%) and 43 of 285 (15.1%) in the first to third surveys (P = .005) and multidrug resistance from 7 of 306 (2.3%) to 18 of 319 (5.6%) and 19 of 285 (6.7%; P = .033). Although previously treated children had significantly more drug resistance than did new TB cases (19 of 66 [28.8%] vs 24 of 225 [10.7%]; odds ratio = 3.39; 95% confidence interval = 1.62, 7.05), evidence suggests transmission rather than acquisition of resistance. HIV infection was not significantly associated with drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS:Results indicate a high and rising prevalence of anti-TB drug resistance among children in the Western Cape, which suggests ongoing transmission of drug-resistant strains within the community. Improved control of TB in adults, including early identification and treatment of drug-resistant cases, is necessary to reduce transmission to children.
journal_name
Am J Public Healthjournal_title
American journal of public healthauthors
Schaaf HS,Marais BJ,Hesseling AC,Brittle W,Donald PRdoi
10.2105/AJPH.2008.143271subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-08-01 00:00:00pages
1486-90issue
8eissn
0090-0036issn
1541-0048pii
AJPH.2008.143271journal_volume
99pub_type
杂志文章abstract:OBJECTIVES:We examined the effects of changes in Rhode Island's Lead Hazard Mitigation Law in 2005 on children's blood lead levels. METHODS:We used 2005 to 2009 data from Rhode Island's Lead Elimination Surveillance System; city tax assessor records in Central Falls, Pawtucket, Providence, and Woonsocket, Rhode Island...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301908
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Because of the importance of grassroots social movements, or "change from below," in the history of US reform, the relationship between social movements and demands for universal health care is a critical one. National health reform campaigns in the 20th century were initiated and run by elites more concerned with def...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.93.1.75
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::From 1983 to 1985, the New York City Department of Health investigated five workplace outbreaks of rubella. Approximately 40 per cent of the 265 cases were detected among women of child-bearing age (15-44 years). Data are reviewed from the 1983 Financial District outbreak to illustrate the continued susceptibility of ...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.77.6.725
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:We assessed attitudes and opinions of members of newborn blood screening (NBS) advisory committees regarding the storage and secondary research use of residual specimens from NBS. METHODS:We conducted focus groups in 2008 and 2009 with NBS advisory committees (4 focus groups; n = 39 participants) in the Mou...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.200485
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Twenty-eight states have laws that limit payments in malpractice cases, and several studies indicate that these laws reduce the frequency and severity of malpractice claims and lower premiums. Moreover, proponents believe that such laws reduce health care expenditures by reducing the practice of defensive medicine. Ho...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.077883
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vital statistics show that a rise in incidence of endometrial cancer began in the mid-1960s on the West Coast of the United States. This rise was continuous and reached a peak in 1975. Elsewhere, incidence rates for endometrial cancer rose during the 1970s. It now seems evident that much of the rise in all areas of th...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.70.3.264
更新日期:1980-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Research on child labor and its effect on health has been limited. We sought to determine the impact of child labor on children's health by correlating existing health indicators with the prevalence of child labor in selected developing countries. METHODS:We analyzed the relationship between child labor (de...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066829
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::To develop a protocol for prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission in Wisconsin prisons, we interviewed 619 male prisoners at incarceration to obtain information on hepatitis B risk factors. We defined previous infections by the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis B surface...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.75.10.1182
更新日期:1985-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This psychiatric epidemiology study following the Mount St. Helens volcanic disaster revealed a significant morbidity for psychiatric disorders. The increased prevalence showed a dose response pattern in three population groups. The findings are reported as relative and attributable risk for the two exposed population...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.76.suppl.76
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:This study examined whether there are systematic differences between the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the Current Population Survey (CPS) for state cigarette smoking prevalence estimates. METHODS:BRFSS telephone survey estimates were compared with estimates from the US Census CPS t...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.87.10.1665
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report on the use of an instrument to measure exposure to stressors among 149 women presenting with their children for pediatric care at an urban primary care center. Overall, 38.3 percent of the women had significant levels of depressive symptoms; 71.4 percent of those in the "high stress" group had an adjusted pr...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.79.9.1295
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A fundamental problem with classifying agriculturally related injury is that there is neither a rational nor a comprehensive scheme for grouping incidents into categories describing actual exposures encountered on farms and in agricultural work. Current surveillance systems are unable to differentiate between work tha...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.83.5.736
更新日期:1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Prenatal care is commonly understood to have a beneficial impact on birthweight. This study describes socioeconomic differences in utilization of prenatal medical care and birthweight in a population with universal health insurance. METHODS:Measures of prenatal care utilization, incidence of pregnancy compl...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.84.9.1450
更新日期:1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We examined longitudinal changes in smoking behavior among older adults in three community cohorts of the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Smoking prevalence declined from 15% at baseline to 9% during 6 years of follow-up. Annual smoking cessation and relapse rates were 10% and less th...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.82.9.1268
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:We describe trends in occupational and nonoccupational injury among working-age adults in Ontario. METHODS:We conducted an observational study of adults aged 15 to 64 over the period 2004 through 2011, estimating the incidence of occupational and nonoccupational injury from emergency department (ED) records...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302223
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:We assessed the effect of public health leadership training on the capacity of public health leaders to perform competencies derived from the list of "Ten Essential Public Health Services" presented in 1994 by the steering committee of the Public Health Functions Project. METHODS:Graduating scholars of the ...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.94.7.1245
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To examine intraindividual change in polytobacco and individual tobacco and nicotine product use across young adulthood. METHOD:Participants were 2711 students from 24 Texas colleges participating in a 6-wave online study, with 6 months between each wave. Participants were aged 18 to 25 years at baseline in...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304850
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We evaluated a community-based 12-week healthy lifestyle program in Moloka'i, HI, called Ke 'Ano Ola, which was developed to decrease chronic disease risk through health education emphasizing weight loss, exercise, and risk factor reduction. Program leaders' strong commitment and positive role modeling, along with soc...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.176222
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:We examined the prevalence of depressive, anxiety, and substance use disorders among Latinos residing in the United States. METHODS:We used data from the National Latino and Asian American Study, which included a nationally representative sample of Latinos. We calculated weighted prevalence rates of lifetim...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.087205
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To assess the prevalence and factors associated with physical and nonphysical violence in a sample of general practitioners (GPs). METHODS:We used a cross-sectional design to collect data from December 2014 to March 2015 with a structured self-administered questionnaire from 1015 GPs in Hubei Province, Cent...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304519
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The integration of public health practices with federal health care for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) largely derives from three major factors: the sovereign nature of AI/AN tribes, the sociocultural characteristics exhibited by the tribes, and that AI/ANs are distinct populations residing in defined ge...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301767
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Objectives. To determine the number of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Canada and the annual coverage of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) and needle-and-syringe provision for PWID.Methods. We estimated the number of PWID in 11 of 13 Canadian provinces and territories in 2011 by using indirect multiplier methods based ...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305379
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We analyzed the variation in the risk of AIDS in US Blacks, Hispanics, and other racial/ethnic groups relative to that in Whites (non-Hispanic) by geographic area and mode of acquiring HIV infection, based on data reported between June 1, 1981 and January 18, 1988 to the Centers for Disease Control and 1980 US census ...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.78.12.1539
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1984, we investigated the impact of a parental notification statue with judicial bypass procedures in Minnesota. Subjects were interviewed on the day of their abortion at four Minnesota and two Wisconsin clinics. Relatively few were aware of the statute in Minnesota. Parental notification rates were similar in Minn...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.77.5.619
更新日期:1987-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:This study examined the relationships between recency of immigration, substance use, and sexual behavior. METHODS:Surveys were conducted with 2635 Massachusetts 8th and 10th graders that allowed comparisons of health behaviors and risk and protective factors among students living in the United States "alway...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.91.5.794
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to compare temperature and two windchill indices with respect to the strength of their association with daily variation in mortality in the Netherlands during 1979 to 1987. The two windchill indices were those developed by Siple and Passel and by Steadman. METHODS:Daily numbers...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.84.11.1738
更新日期:1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:We sought to identify correlates of reported lifetime diagnoses of TB among injection drug users in the border city of Tijuana, Mexico. METHODS:Injection drug users in Tijuana were recruited into a prospective cohort study during 2006 and 2007. We used weighted multivariate logistic regression to identify c...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142166
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:This study sought to estimate the population-based prevalence of environmental hazards in the homes of older persons and to determine whether the prevalence of these hazards differs by housing type or by level of disability in terms of activities of daily living (ADLs). METHODS:An environmental assessment w...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.89.4.553
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The limiting effects of exemptions to the coverage of child restraint laws were estimated by determining the extent to which the laws would have applied to child motor vehicle occupants, ages 0-5 years, killed before the laws were passed (1976-80). The 50 state laws would have exempted about 39 per cent of child motor...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.76.1.31
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In an effort to keep abreast of the changing needs of a more affluent society and to ensure better value for money, the British are reforming their National Health Service. They are promoting competition and entrepreneurship, and directing funding to follow a patient rather than flowing directly to institutions. Briti...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.81.12.1566
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00