Chapter 9 the duffy antigen receptor for chemokines.

abstract：:The relative structural conservation of "internal glycans" in the cell walls of pathogens suggests that they might as target epitopes less prone to variation and hence with greater potential universality as vaccine targets. Examples of such glycans include the inner core sugars of lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Lakshminarayanan A,Vijayakrishnan B,Bayley H,Davis BG

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phospholipase A(2)s (PLA(2)s) are a superfamily of enzymes involved in production of a wide variety of lipid mediators, including arachidonic acid, lysophospholipids, platelet activation factor, and eicosanoids. Fluorescence-based, real-time cellular activity assays for PLA(2)s have been developed as a tool for studyi...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Manna D,Cho W

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The existence of an accurate force field (FF) model that reproduces the free-energy landscape is a key prerequisite for the simulation of biomineralization. Here, the stages in the development of such a model are discussed including the quality of the water model, the thermodynamics of polymorphism, and the free energ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Raiteri P,Demichelis R,Gale JD

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) coordinate post-transcriptional control of gene expression, often through sequence-specific recognition of primary transcripts or mature messenger RNAs. Hundreds of RBPs are encoded in the human genome, most with undefined or incompletely defined biological roles. Understanding the function...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Lambert NJ,Robertson AD,Burge CB

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two factors, climate change brought on by rising atmospheric CO2 levels and the accelerating shift toward renewable energy sources, have together worked to heighten interest in understanding how biological catalysts so effectively bring about the reduction of CO2 to formate, with potential applications for both biorem...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Niks D,Hille R

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pulsed electron double resonance technique, also known as double electron-electron resonance, jointly with site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) have been used extensively for studying structures and structural change. During the last decades, significant enhancements have been made by optimization of the experimental pr...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： El Mkami H,Norman DG

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Yeast cells in an isogenic population do not all display the same phenotypes. To study such variation within a population of cells, we need to perform measurements on each individual cell instead of measurements that average out the behavior of a cell over the entire population. Here, we provide the basic concepts and...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Youk H,Raj A,van Oudenaarden A

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:External murine ears collected postmortem, as well as ear punches obtained during standard marking of live animals, are the source of mesenchymal stem cells, termed ear mesenchymal stem cells (EMSC). These cells provide an easily obtainable, primary culture model system for the study of lineage commitment and differen...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Gawronska-Kozak B

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study designed, synthesized, and characterized a number of new heterobifunctional photocleavable cross-linking reagents that may be used to photomodulate the activity of proteins or to prepare caged fluorescent dyes. Biomolecules or fluorophores caged via a thiol group with the BNBASE reagent can be covalently li...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Marriott G,Ottl J

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) is a central regulator of Rab GTPase family members. GDI recycles Rab proteins from the membrane and sequesters the inactive GDP-bound form of Rab in the cytosol for use in multiple rounds of transport. The balance between the membrane-bound form of Rab and the cytosolic...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Chen CY,Sakisaka T,Balch WE

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Growing appreciation for the biogeochemical significance of uncultured microorganisms is changing the focus of environmental microbiology. Techniques designed to investigate microbial metabolism in situ are increasingly popular, from mRNA-targeted fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to the "-omics" revolution, i...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Dekas AE,Orphan VJ

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The reverse dot-blot method is a simple and rapid diagnostic procedure that allows screening of sample for a variety of mutations/polymorphisms in a single hybridization reaction. Several methods of immobilizing the oligonucleotide probes are discussed. The reverse dot-blot method has several unique properties that ar...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kawasaki E,Saiki R,Erlich H

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The elucidation of structure-affinity relationships in EF-hand proteins requires a reliable assay of divalent ion affinity. In principle, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) should be capable of furnishing estimates for Ca2+- and Mg2+-binding constants in these systems. And because the method yields the binding ent...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Henzl MT

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although the function of histone deacetylases (HDACs) have primarily been associated with influencing transcription through chromatin remodeling, the capacity of these enzymes to interface with a diverse array of biologic processes by modulating a growing list of nonhistone substrates has gained recent attention. Rece...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kahali S,Sarcar B,Chinnaiyan P

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the presence of specialized proteins or peptides, a biological membrane can spontaneously restructure itself to allow communication between the intracellular and the extracellular sides. Examples of these proteins include cell-penetrating peptides and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which interact with cell membrane...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Mishra A,Tai KP,Schmidt NW,Ouellette AJ,Wong GC

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glycoproteins are a major class of glycoconjugates displaying a variety of mutual interactions between glycan and protein moieties that ultimately affect molecular organization. Modulation of the pendant glycan structures is important in tuning the functions of glycoproteins. Here we discuss structural aspects and som...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Barb AW,Borgert AJ,Liu M,Barany G,Live D

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This chapter outlines the approaches and techniques that can be used to analyze the regulation of antibiotic production in streptomycetes. It describes how to isolate antibiotic nonproducing and overproducing mutants by UV, nitrosoguanidine (NTG), transposon, and insertion mutagenesis, and then how to use those mutant...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Bibb M,Hesketh A

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene therapy vectors based on murine retroviruses have now been in clinical trials for over 20 years. During that time, a variety of novel vector pseudotypes were developed in an effort to improve gene transfer. Lentiviral vectors are now in clinical trials and a similar evolution of vector technology is anticipated. ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Leath A,Cornetta K

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurofilament biology is important to understanding structural properties of axons, such as establishment of axonal diameter by radial growth. In order to study the function of neurofilaments, a series of genetically modified mice have been generated. Here, we describe a brief history of genetic modifications used to ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Jones MR,Villalón E,Garcia ML

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A neuron is able to seamlessly respond to a number of signals, in a timely and specific manner. This process, of integrating multiple inputs, relays on the orchestration of intracellular events by signaling networks. The inherent complexity of signaling networks has made computational modeling a useful approach to und...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Wenderski WC,Neves SR

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tubulin is known to form high-affinity complexes with certain G proteins. The formation of such complexes allows tubulin to activate Galpha and fosters a system whereby elements of the cytoskeleton can influence G-protein signaling. This article describes the interaction between tubulin and G proteins and discusses me...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Rasenick MM,Donati RJ,Popova JS,Yu JZ

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The functional properties of proteins are decided not only by their relatively rigid overall structures, but even more importantly, by their dynamic properties. In a protein, some regions of structure exhibit highly correlated or anti-correlated motions with others, some are highly dynamic but uncorrelated, while othe...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Yu H,Dalby PA

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microsatellite markers are quickly becoming the molecular marker of choice for studies of parentage and kinship in animals. In this chapter, we review methods and give protocols for screening potential microsatellite markers, as well as protocols for genotyping individuals with useful markers once they have been ident...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Webster MS,Reichart L

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microtubules are dynamic polymers of the cytoskeleton, which play important roles in cell division, polarization, and intracellular transport. Self-assembly of microtubule polymer from αβ-tubulin heterodimers is highly variable, with stochastic switching between alternate states of net growth and net shortening, a phe...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Prahl LS,Castle BT,Gardner MK,Odde DJ

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent studies using sulfotransferase-deficient mice have revealed various physiological functions of sulfated glycans. Studies using gene-targeted mice deficient in both N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST)-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2 showed that these sulfotransferases play critical roles in lymphocyte homing....

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kawashima H

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This chapter discusses experimental methods and protocols for the purification and preliminary characterization of DNA polymerases that are specialized for the replicative bypass (translesion DNA synthesis) of base or other types of DNA damage that typically arrest high-fidelity DNA synthesis, with particular emphasis...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Fischhaber PL,McDaniel LD,Friedberg EC

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Plots of free energy versus temperature are commonly called stability curves or Gibbs-Helmholtz curves, and they have proven to be extremely useful in protein folding and ligand-binding studies. Curvature in a Gibbs-Helmholtz or stability plot is indicative of a heat capacity change, and some of their primary uses in ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： LiCata VJ,Liu CC

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The histamine H(1) receptor (H(1)R) is a key player in acute inflammatory responses. Antihistamines are widely used to relief the symptoms of allergic rhinitis by antagonizing histamine binding to the H(1)R, without possessing intrinsic activity in classical assays such as guinea pig ileum contraction assays or intrac...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Nijmeijer S,Leurs R,Vischer HF

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sequence analysis of synthetic peptides using Edman chemistry can be very useful for the elucidation of certain types of synthetic problems, such as residue deletions and the presence of common stable derivatives, and for following the progress of the synthesis itself. However, it can also be a relatively poor techniq...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Grant GA,Crankshaw MW,Gorka J

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This chapter presents methodologies for RNA extraction from soils coupled with competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis techniques. Combined, these approaches provide new capabilities to quantify gene expression in different environments and can aid our understanding of...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Semrau JD,Han JI

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00