Estrogen and testosterone therapies in multiple sclerosis.

abstract：:Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder that can affect any individual at a given instance. Current treatment options for SCI include the use of high dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate, a corticosteroid, surgical interventions to stabilize and decompress the spinal cord, intensive m...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Baptiste DC,Fehlings MG

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The therapeutic potential of stem cells for regeneration after cerebral lesion has become of great interest. This is particularly so for neurodegenerative diseases as well as for stroke. Contrary to more conventional, cerebroprotective treatment approaches, the focus of regeneration lies in a longer time window during...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Adamczak J,Hoehn M

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The aim of this chapter is to review recent literature describing how developments in cognition may contribute to age-related changes in emotional processes, specifically emotion regulation and emotion perception. In general, older adults are more likely than young adults to report feeling positive. Prominent conceptu...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Gurera JW,Isaacowitz DM

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A dense serotonin (5-HT)-containing projection to the superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SC) has been demonstrated in diverse mammalian species, but how 5-HT may affect visual signals within these laminae is largely unknown. This study undertook to investigate the distribution of 2 types of 5-HT receptors ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Mooney RD,Huang X,Shi MY,Bennett-Clarke CA,Rhoades RW

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An unresolved issue in visual motion perception is how distinct are the processes underlying 'first-order' and 'second-order' motion. The former is defined by spatio-temporal variations of luminance and the latter by spatio-temporal variations in other image attributes such as contrast or depth, for example. Using neu...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Vaina LM,Soloviev S

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Life expectancies have increased substantially in the last century, dramatically amplifying the proportion of individuals who will reach old age. As individuals age, cognitive ability declines, although the rate of decline differs amongst the forms of memory domains and for different individuals. Memory domains especi...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Conrad CD,Bimonte-Nelson HA

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Primates are endowed with a brain about twice the size that of a mammal with the same body size, and humans have the largest brain relative to body size of all animals. This increase in brain size may be related to the acquisition of higher cognitive skills that permitted more complex social interactions, the evolutio...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Aboitiz F,Montiel JF

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This chapter reviews four key issues that must be addressed to advance our knowledge of control of head movement by the central nervous system (CNS). (1) Researchers must consider how the CNS utilizes the multiple muscle patterns that can produce the same head movement in carrying out tasks in an optimal way. (2) More...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Peterson BW

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:PTSD arises by definition as a direct consequence of the experience of an acute severe stressor. The formation of traumatic memory and its extinction, sympathetic and adrenocortical stress systems activity in relation to individual vulnerability form the core of animal models for PTSD. ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Oitzl MS

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Paired organotypic explants from rat occipital cortex were cultured for up to three weeks in the presence of selective blockers of amino acid receptor blockers, during which period spontaneous action potential generation was monitored electrophysiologically. In contrast to isolated explants (Corner, M.A., van Pelt, J....

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Corner MA,Baker RE,van Pelt J,Wolters PS

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is widely believed that mammalian CNS axons have little regenerative capacity because their environment is non-permissive to regrowth. This viewpoint is based, in large part, on the fact that in virtually all previous studies on regeneration following spinal cord injury, regenerated axonal projections have been few...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Kawaguchi S,Iseda T,Nishio T

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The BBB is a target for some peptide signals, as demonstrated by our group for arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and atriopeptin (ANP). Peptide molecules contacting the luminal surface of endothelial cells interact with specific high-affinity binding sites. The minimal simple diffusion of peptide molecules across the layer o...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Ermisch A

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It has been tacitly assumed that a long descending motor tract axon consists of a private line connecting the cell of origin to a single muscle, as a motoneuron innervates a single muscle. However, this notion of a long descending motor tract referred to as a private line is no longer tenable, since recent studies hav...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Shinoda Y,Sugiuchi Y,Izawa Y,Hata Y

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The quantitative autoradiographic method with L-(35S)methionine was applied to investigate the effect of chronic dehydration on rates of protein synthesis in circumventricular organs (CVOs). Water deprivation for 1, 2 and 3 days causes progressive increases of protein synthesis in the subfornical organ (SFO), the area...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Lepetit P,Grange E,Gay N,Bobillier P

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We tend to regard consciousness as a fundamentally subjective phenomenon, yet we can only study it scientifically if it has objective, publicly visible, manifestations. This creates a central, recurring, tension in consciousness science which remains unresolved. On one 'objectivist' view, consciousness is not merely r...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Zeman A

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuronal activity increases synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA in vivo and in vitro. We have investigated the pathways through which neuronal activity stimulated by kainic acid regulates BDNF mRNA levels in cultured hippocampal neurons and transgenic mice. Kainic acid induced the transcription ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Castrén E,Berninger B,Leingärtner A,Lindholm D

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The storage and elimination of urine requires the coordination of activity between the autonomic nervous system (thoracolumbar sympathetic and sacral parasympathetic divisions) controlling the urinary bladder and urethra and the lumbosacral somatic motoneurons innervating the striated sphincter and pelvic floor muscle...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Shefchyk SJ

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nitric oxide (NO) is widespread in the nervous system and is thought to play a role in a variety of different neuronal functions, including learning and memory (see other chapters, this volume). A number of behavioral studies have indicated that NO is involved in several types of learning such as motor learning (Yanag...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Hawkins RD,Son H,Arancio O

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human brain is often characterized in terms of a duality, with the left and right brains serving complementary functions, and even individuals are sometimes classified as either "left-brained" or "right-brained." Recent evidence from brain imaging shows that hemispheric asymmetry is multidimensional, comprised of ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Corballis MC

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Research has outlined how self-regulation is crucial to the decision-making processes and pacing of endurance performance. There is evidence to suggest that executive function is implicated in self-regulatory processes, as the two are conceptually similar and share common brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex. T...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Hyland-Monks R,Cronin L,McNaughton L,Marchant D

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Language is predominantly a left hemisphere function, yet patients with extensive damage to known language areas often recover quite well in the days to weeks to even years following focal brain injury. This recovery period can be divided into three overlapping stages: acute, subacute, and chronic, each with different...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Marsh EB,Hillis AE

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In recent years the scientific community has come to appreciate that the early cortical representations for visually guided arm movements are probably coded in a visual frame, i.e. relative to retinal landmarks. While this scheme accounts for many behavioral and neurophysiological observations, it also poses certain p...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Henriques DY,Medendorp WP,Khan AZ,Crawford JD

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitor neurotransmitter that plays many important roles in the central nervous system. Because the half-life time of GABA is very short in vivo, GABA itself is not used for clinical practice. An analogue of GABA, baclofen, is an agonist of GABA-B receptor, and has very strong an...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Taira T

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the 1950s and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the 1980s, a great deal of evidence has mounted for the roles of neurotrophins (NGF; BDNF; neurotrophin-3, NT-3; and neurotrophin-4/5, NT-4/5) in development, physiology, and pathology. BDNF in particular has ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Binder DK

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Humans can communicate their emotional state via facial expression and affective prosody. This chapter reviews behavioural, neuroanatomical, electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies pertaining to audiovisual integration of emotional communicative signals. Particular emphasis will be given to neuroimaging studies ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Ethofer T,Pourtois G,Wildgruber D

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The data presented in this paper show that the appropriate tools are now available to study the behavior of PLP and DM20 transcripts engineered with either point mutations or deletion of specific domains. Such studies should begin to provide new insights into the functions of PLP and DM20 and their role in relation to...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Lees MB,Smith FI,Dyer CA,Greer JM,Pakaski M

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Activated microglia release a number of substances, the specific cocktail released depending on the stimulus. Many of the substances released by microglia also serve to activate them, suggesting the presence of a number of autocrine/paracrine loops. Because of the low density of microglia present in the normal brain, ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Pocock JM,Liddle AC

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The two roles in awareness most often suggested for the cerebellum are (i) keeping the details of motor skills away from forebrain computation, and (ii) signaling to the forebrain when a sensory event is not predictable from prior motor commands. However, it is unclear how current models of the cerebellum could carry ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Dean P,Porrill J,Stone JV

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The arts can provide unique ways for determining how people not directly involved in medicine were viewing and informing others about physical and mental disorders. With operas, one need only think about how various perturbations of madness have been portrayed. Somnambulism has long been a particularly perplexing diso...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Finger S,Sironi VA,Riva MA

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Migraine is among the most common and disabling neurological diseases in the world. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a wave of near-complete depolarization of neurons and glial cells that slowly propagates along the cortex creating the perception of aura. Evidence suggests that CSD can trigger migraine headache....

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Takizawa T,Ayata C,Chen SP

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00