Abstract:
:Lipogenesis occurs primarily in the liver, where dietary carbohydrates control the expression of key enzymes in glycolytic and lipogenic pathways. We have recently discovered that the transcription factor XBP1, best known as a key regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR), is required for de novo fatty acid synthesis in the liver, a function unrelated to its role in the UPR.(1) XBP1 protein expression is induced in the liver by a high carbohydrate diet and directly controls the induction of critical genes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Specific deletion of XBP1 in adult liver using an inducible approach results in profound hypocholesterolemia and hypotriglyceridemia, which could be attributed to diminished production of lipids in the liver. Notably, this phenotype is not associated with fatty liver (hepatic steatosis) or significant compromise in protein secretion. XBP1 joins an already rich field of transcriptional regulatory proteins in the control of hepatic lipogenesis. Its function in lipogenesis appears to be highly significant as evidenced by the phenotype of the genetic mutant strain. A more complete understanding of the mechanisms by which XBP1 accelerates de novo fatty acid synthesis in the liver while preserving normal hepatic lipid composition is highly relevant to the treatment of diseases such as atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome that are associated with dyslipidemia. Since excess fat accumulation in the liver could result from increased hepatic fatty acid synthesis, compounds that inhibit XBP1 activation may also be useful therapeutics for the treatment of human alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), increasingly common causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States.
journal_name
Ann N Y Acad Scijournal_title
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciencesauthors
Glimcher LH,Lee AHdoi
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04956.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-09-01 00:00:00pages
E2-9eissn
0077-8923issn
1749-6632pii
NYAS4956journal_volume
1173 Suppl 1pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::We have earlier shown that monkeys reared with daily alternating monocular occlusion for the first few months of life develop large horizontal strabismus, A/V patterns, dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), and dissociated horizontal deviation (DHD). Here, we present results from neurophysiological experiments that sh...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06146.x
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rewards can be viewed as probability distributions of reward values. Besides expected (mean) value, a key parameter of such distributions is variance (or standard deviation), which constitutes a measure of risk. Single neurons in orbitofrontal cortex signal risk mostly separately from value. Comparable risk signals in...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06256.x
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are now major public health issues in developed nations and have reached epidemic proportions in many developing nations, as well as disadvantaged groups in developed countries, e.g., Mexican-Americans, African-Americans, and Australian Aborigines. These groups all show hyperinsulinemia and...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07783.x
更新日期:1999-11-18 00:00:00
abstract::The formation of bone is a continual process in vertebrate development, initiated during fetal development and persisting in adulthood in the form of remodeling and repair. The remarkable capacity of skeletal tissues to regenerate has led to the hypothesis that the molecular signaling pathways regulating skeletogenesi...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10105.x
更新日期:1998-10-23 00:00:00
abstract::Cotyledons of dark-grown watermelon seedlings contain during the first period of germination, 4 and later 5 MDH isoenzymes. Whereas isoenzymes I, II, and IV belong to the cytosol, isoenzyme III is confined to the mitochondria (mMDH) and isoenzyme V to the glyoxysomes (gMDH). The organelle-bound MDHs were purified to h...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb21427.x
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Higher levels of body fat are associated with increased risk for development of numerous adverse health conditions. Phytochemicals are potential agents to inhibit differentiation of preadipocytes, stimulate lipolysis, and induce apoptosis of existing adipocytes, thereby reducing adipose tissue mass. Resveratrol decrea...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05845.x
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Na,K-ATPase gamma subunit is present primarily in kidney as two splice variants, gammaa and gammab, which differ only at their extracellular N-termini. Two distinct effects of gamma are seen in biochemical Na,K-ATPase assays of mammalian (HeLa) cells transfected with gammaa or gammab, namely, (i) a decrease in K'(...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07224.x
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for tumor expansion and metastasis. The angiogenic potential of the heparin-binding growth factors acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and basic FGF has been demonstrated in various publications. We studied the inhibitory effects of suramin and the polysulfated heparinoids pentosan pol...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09427.x
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The endothelial regulation of vWF synthesis, storage, regulated and constitutive release, and now binding are the focus of numerous research laboratories. The understanding of these phenomena is important to the pathophysiology of local hemostasis. Although the structural understanding of the relationship of vW AgII t...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb30984.x
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sensorineural hearing loss results from the degeneration of hair cells and/or auditory neurons in the cochlea of the inner ear. BDNF and NT-3 were shown to support survival of auditory neurons both in vitro and in vivo. Cochlea from P3-P4 rats were cultured as floating explants and hair cells in the organ of Corti wer...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08648.x
更新日期:1999-11-28 00:00:00
abstract::Modern contraceptive methods represent more than a technical advance: they are the instrument of a true social revolution-the "first reproductive revolution" in the history of humanity, an achievement of the second part of the 20th century, when modern, effective methods became available. Today a great diversity of te...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1365.002
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The APC protein is a crucial regulator of intestinal cell growth, and mutations in the APC gene are a common initial event in the process of human colorectal carcinogenesis. Animals bearing germline mutations in Apc are therefore important models for human colorectal cancer. These animals have been used both to unders...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08721.x
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fungal pathogens are a growing threat to public health. As human immunodeficiency becomes increasingly common, fungal infections are becoming more prevalent. The use of antifungal agents for prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections has favored the emergence of previously rare or unidentified species of drug-resi...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nyas.13739
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Megadose haploidentical transplants, mismatched at three HLA loci, engraft rapidly and durably without induction of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In vitro studies suggest that veto cells, contained in the population of hematopoietic progenitors, facilitate this favorable outcome. Cytotoxic T cells, not reactive ag...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::How can a psychoanalyst account for and recount the process of understanding the therapeutic endeavor? What happens in those moments, co-created by patient and analyst, when the consultation room comes "alive" in ways that defy easy or simplistic answers? How does an analyst come to understand psychoanalytic treatment...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04475.x
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Certain livestock diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, such as foot-and-mouth disease are difficult to control because of the large numbers of infected wildlife hosts. These wildlife disease reservoirs form a continuous hazard of transmittal of the diseases to domestic livestock, which limits the access of livestock produc...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04377.x
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In response to infection or effective vaccination, naive antigen-specific CD8+ T cells undergo a dramatic highly orchestrated activation process. Initial encounter with an appropriately activated antigen-presenting cell leads to blastogenesis and an exponential increase in antigen-specific CD8+ T cell numbers. Simulta...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05126.x
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article focuses on the importance of social engagement and the behavioral and neurophysiological mechanisms that allow individuals to reduce psychological and physical distance. A model of social engagement derived from the Polyvagal Theory is presented. The model emphasizes phylogeny as an organizing principle a...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1301.004
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the global transition to overnutrition, stunting affected approximately 159 million children worldwide in 2014, while an estimated 50 million children were wasted. India is an important front in the fight against malnutrition and is grappling with the coexistence of undernutrition, overnutrition, and micronutr...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/nyas.13324
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Odorant receptors are thought to be critical determinants of olfactory sensory neuron axon targeting and organization. Nonetheless, a systematic characterization of the onset of odorant receptor expression has not yet been done in the main olfactory epithelium. Here, we briefly review our current understanding regardi...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04366.x
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Homogenate of 30 sarcoid lymph nodes was injected into the footpads of mice and 42% of the mice showed epitheloid-cell granulomas in the sites. However, the control lymph-node homogenates obtained from nonsarcoid patients also provoked similar granulomatous changes, although the positive rate was somewhat lower. In th...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb47036.x
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deployments of tear gas and pepper spray have rapidly increased worldwide. Large amounts of tear gas have been used in densely populated cities, including Cairo, Istanbul, Rio de Janeiro, Manama (Bahrain), and Hong Kong. In the United States, tear gas was used extensively during recent riots in Ferguson, Missouri. Whe...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nyas.13141
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The blood fibrinolytic system comprises an inactive proenzyme, plasminogen, that can be converted to the active enzyme, plasmin. Plasmin degrades fibrin into soluble fibrin degradation products, by two physiological plasminogen activators (PA), the tissue type PA (t-PA) and the urokinase type PA (u-PA). t-PA mediated ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03511.x
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The proto-oncogene c-myc is involved in multiple cell pathways with opposite effects on cell outcome of death or proliferation. It has been proposed that these different roles depend on the sequestration of c-Myc protein in cellular compartments and/or its phosphorylation. We speculated that subcellular localization o...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1397.021
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Astronomers and physicists of diverse interest are teaming up to study enigmatic cosmic phenomena, such as the life cycle of black holes. A "disruptive innovation" is about to emerge during the next decade: Advanced gravitational-wave observatories. The emergence of gravitational-wave physics as a viable observational...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06414.x
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of 310 courses of corticotropin, methylprednisolone, prednisone, and dexamethasone were studied in 62 patients with generalized myasthenia gravis who were poorly responsive to anticholinesterase medication and most of whom required assisted respiration. Improvement in strength and response to anticholinest...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb47717.x
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fetal nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) entering maternal circulation during pregnancy constitute a potential source of material for safe and reliable noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. The increased prevalence of beta-thalassemia mutations in countries like Greece may create a problem, making it difficult to distinguish...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03877.x
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This work examines distinct aspects of effortful control and attention predicted aggression in a group of children at elevated risk for the development of conduct problems. Results suggested that behavioral inhibition, rather than attentional control, best predicted maternal reports of child aggressive behaviors. ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1301.026
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Molecular genetics teaches three lessons relevant to the nature of genetic change during evolution: (1) Genomes are organized as hierarchies of composite systems (multidomain protein-coding sequences; functional loci made up of regulatory, coding, processing, and intervening sequences; and multilocus regulons and repl...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08862.x
更新日期:1999-05-18 00:00:00
abstract::Immunoglobulin 4 (IgG4) is one of four human IgG subclasses and has several unique functional characteristics. It exhibits low affinity for complement and for most Fc receptors. It furthermore has generally high affinity for its antigen, with binding occurring in a monovalent fashion, as IgG4 can exchange Fab-arms wit...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nyas.13561
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00