Abstract：
:Skin pigmentation is a result of melanin produced by melanocytes in the epidermis. Melanocyte activity, along with the type and distribution of melanins, is the main driver for diversity of skin pigmentation. Dark melanin acts to protect against the deleterious effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, including photo-aging and skin cancer formation. In turn, UV radiation activates skin melanocytes to induce further pigmentation (i.e., "tanning pathway"). The well-characterized MSH/MC1R-cAMP-MITF pathway regulates UV-induced melanization. Pharmacologic activation of this pathway ("sunless tanning") represents a potential strategy for skin cancer prevention, particularly in those with light skin or the "red hair" phenotype who tan poorly after UV exposure due to MC1R inactivating polymorphisms. Skin hyperpigmentation can also occur as a result of inflammatory processes and dermatological disorders such as melasma. While primarily of cosmetic concern, these conditions can dramatically impact quality of life of affected patients. Several topical agents are utilized to treat skin pigmentation disorders. Here, we review melanogenesis induced by UV exposure and the agents that target this pathway.
journal_name
Adv Drug Deliv Revjournal_title
Advanced drug delivery reviewsauthors
Rachmin I,Ostrowski SM,Weng QY,Fisher DEdoi
10.1016/j.addr.2020.02.002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-01-01 00:00:00pages
65-71eissn
0169-409Xissn
1872-8294pii
S0169-409X(20)30008-9journal_volume
153pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that stem cell-based therapies hold tremendous promise for the treatment of human disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are emerging as promising anti-cancer agents which have an enormous potential to be utilized to treat a number of different cancer types. MSC have ...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2011.06.010
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The composition and architecture of the stratum corneum render it a formidable barrier to the topical and transdermal administration of therapeutic agents. The physicochemical constraints severely limit the number of molecules that can be considered as realistic candidates for transdermal delivery. Iontophoresis provi...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.026
更新日期：2004-03-27 00:00:00
abstract：:High affinity antibodies are crucial both for the discovery and validation of biomarkers for human health and disease and as clinical diagnostic and therapeutic reagents. This review describes some of the latest technologies for the design, mutation and selection of high affinity antibodies that provide a paradigm for...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2006.01.025
更新日期：2006-08-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Endogenous acetylcarnitine is an indicator of acetyl-CoA synthesized by multiple metabolic pathways involving carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, sterols, and ketone bodies, and utilized mainly by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Acetylcarnitine supplementation has beneficial effects in elderly animals and humans, i...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2009.06.009
更新日期：2009-11-30 00:00:00
abstract：:The selection of drug candidates early in development has become increasingly important to minimize the use of animals and to avoid costly failures of drugs later in development. In vitro systems to predict and assess organ toxicity have so far been of limited value due to difficulties in demonstrating in vivo-relevan...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.005
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Theranostic systems support diagnostic and therapeutic functions in a single integrated entity and enable precise spatiotemporal control of the generation of therapeutic molecules according to the individual patient's disease state, thereby maximizing the therapeutic outcome and minimizing side effects. These systems ...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.006
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic, non-healing wounds place a significant burden on patients and healthcare systems, resulting in impaired mobility, limb amputation, or even death. Chronic wounds result from a disruption in the highly orchestrated cascade of events involved in wound closure. Significant advances in our understanding of the pat...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.008
更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nuclear import of macromolecules or particles is a strictly regulated phenomenon that is now understood in some depth at the molecular level. Transport across nuclear membranes is controlled by nuclear pores, with the involvement of cytoplasmic receptors and accessory molecules. Each nuclear pore complex is an assembl...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0169-409x(98)00050-7
更新日期：1998-10-05 00:00:00
abstract：:An essential element of tissue homeostasis is the response to injuries, cutaneous wound healing being the most studied example. In the adults, wound healing aims at quickly restoring the barrier function of the skin, leading however to scar, a dysfunctional fibrotic tissue. On the other hand, in fetuses a scarless tis...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.011
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A great deal of interest has surrounded the activities of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and mAb-drug, toxin and radionuclide conjugates for the treatment of human cancers. In the last few years, a number of new mAb-based reagents have been clinically approved (Rituxan, Herceptin, and Panorex), and several others are n...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00206-x
更新日期：2001-12-31 00:00:00
abstract：:Oral lipid-based drug delivery systems may include a broad range of oils, surfactants, and cosolvents. This diversity makes comparison of lipid-based formulations difficult. Although the relationship between formulation and drug absorption is understood at a conceptual level, performance in vivo cannot be predicted wi...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.010
更新日期：2008-03-17 00:00:00
abstract：:In its 33 years, ADDR has published regularly on the po5tential of oral delivery of biologics especially peptides and proteins. In the intervening period, analysis of the preclinical and clinical trial failures of many purported platform technologies has led to reflection on the true status of the field and reigning i...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.007
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammation, a common feature of many diseases, is an essential immune response that enables survival and maintains tissue homeostasis. However, in some conditions, the inflammatory process becomes detrimental, contributing to the pathogenesis of a disease. Targeting inflammation by using nanomedicines (i.e. nanopart...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.010
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite advances in medicine and biomedical sciences, cancer still remains a major health issue. Complex interactions between tumors and their microenvironment contribute to tumor initiation and progression and also contribute to the development of drug resistant tumor cell populations. The complexity and heterogeneit...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.002
更新日期：2014-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Over several thousand years, the flagellated Trypanosome cruzi-causative agent of Chagas disease-developed a complex life cycle between the reduviidae vectors and its human hosts. Due to their silent and hidden location, the intracellular amastigotes are mainly responsible for the nearly 50,000 annual deaths caused by...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.025
更新日期：2010-03-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Angiogenesis is naturally balanced by many pro- and anti-angiogenic factors while an imbalance of these factors leads to aberrant angiogenesis, which is closely associated with many diseases. Gene therapy has become a promising strategy for the treatment of such a disordered state through the introduction of exogenous...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2016.11.003
更新日期：2017-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The bloodstream is the main transporting pathway for drug delivery systems (DDS) from the site of administration to the intended site of action. In many cases, components of the vascular system represent therapeutic targets. Endothelial cells, which line the luminal surface of the vasculature, play a tripartite role o...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.013
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A "microdose clinical trial" (microdosing) is one kind of early phase exploratory clinical trial, administering the compound at doses estimated to have no pharmacological or toxicological effects, aimed at screening candidates for further clinical development. This article's objective is to clarify the ethical, legal,...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.002
更新日期：2011-06-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Orally administered anti-HIV drugs must be adequately and consistently absorbed for therapy to be successful. This review discusses the barriers to achieving oral bioavailability for the currently available anti-HIV drugs. Most reverse transcriptase inhibitors have good oral bioavailabilities. Didanosine bioavailabili...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0169-409x(99)00022-8
更新日期：1999-10-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Gene and antisense/ribozyme therapy possesses tremendous potential for the successful treatment of genetically based diseases, such as cancer. Several cancer gene therapy strategies have already been realized in vitro, as well as in vivo. A few have even reached the stage of clinical trials, most of them phase I, whil...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00046-7
更新日期：2002-09-13 00:00:00
abstract：:In the drug development process, it remains a difficult task to regulate the entry of the drugs. However, recent progress in studies of the transporter-mediated influx and efflux of endogenous and exogenous compounds, including synthetic drugs, across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is beginning to provide a rational ba...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0169-409x(98)00084-2
更新日期：1999-04-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Nanomaterials composed of plant viral components are finding their way into medical technology and health care, as they offer singular properties. Precisely shaped, tailored virus nanoparticles (VNPs) with multivalent protein surfaces are efficiently loaded with functional compounds such as contrast agents and drugs, ...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.011
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cyclodextrins are useful functional excipients that have enjoyed widespread attention and use. The basis for this popularity from a pharmaceutical standpoint, is the ability of these materials to interact with poorly water-soluble drugs and drug candidates resulting in an increase in their apparent water solubility. T...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.012
更新日期：2007-07-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Nucleic acids have gained a lot of interest for the treatment of ocular diseases. The first to enter in clinic has been Vitravene an antisense oligonucleotide for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and more recently, research on aptamers have led to the marketing of anti-vascular endothelial growth facto...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.020
更新日期：2006-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The encapsulation of liquids and semi-solids provides solutions for convenient delivery through improved oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. In addition, low dose (content uniformity), highly potent (containment), low melting point drugs, those with a critical stability profile and those for which a delayed...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2007.09.009
更新日期：2008-03-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Responsive hydrophobically associating polymers can in many ways be considered to be analogous to proteins in their ability to form compact molecules with a defined secondary structure, and hence, functionality. These molecules are characterized by the presence of alternating charged and hydrophobic groups. The balanc...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00223-x
更新日期：2001-12-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Bioprinted skin tissue has the potential for aiding drug screening, formulation development, clinical transplantation, chemical and cosmetic testing, as well as basic research. Limitations of conventional skin tissue engineering approaches have driven the development of biomimetic skin equivalent via 3D bioprinting. A...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.016
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is one of the most common diseases, accounting for about 90% of all hearing loss. Leading causes of SNHL include advanced age, ototoxic medications, noise exposure, inherited and autoimmune disorders. Most of SNHL is irreversible and managed with hearing aids or cochlear implants. Alt...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.004
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells shredded from either a primary tumor or a metastatic site and circulate in the blood as the potential cellular origin of metastasis. By detecting and analyzing CTCs, we will be able to noninvasively monitor disease progression in individual cancer patients and obtain ins...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.006
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two-photon excitation imaging is the least invasive optical approach to study living tissues. We have established two-photon extracellular polar-tracer (TEP) imaging with which it is possible to visualize and quantify all exocytic events in the plane of focus within secretory tissues. This technology also enables esti...
journal_title：Advanced drug delivery reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.008
更新日期：2006-09-15 00:00:00
