Abstract:
:Surrogate endpoints are important for validation of mechanism, early proof of concept, and the rational design of clinical trials for regulatory approval of drugs. The recent failure of several drugs in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and in atherosclerosis highlights the importance of understanding drug effect and is a clarion call for better endpoints. This review focuses on aspects relating to the current state of surrogate endpoints in PAD and reviews emerging endpoints using imaging approaches that may have the potential of improving study design in PAD.
journal_name
Cardiol Clinjournal_title
Cardiology clinicsauthors
Rajagopalan S,Mihai Gdoi
10.1016/j.ccl.2011.04.002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-08-01 00:00:00pages
419-31issue
3eissn
0733-8651issn
1558-2264pii
S0733-8651(11)00040-3journal_volume
29pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::It has long been unclear how exercise training improves myocardial perfusion in patients with stable CAD. Regression of coronary atherosclerosis and collateral formation have been favorite theories; however, angiographic techniques have so far failed to document any significant increase in coronary collaterals at rest...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(05)70222-8
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the 1960s, when LVADs and TAHs were introduced into clinical use, researchers estimated that, with this technology, the problem of heart failure could be solved within 20 years. Unfortunately, the evolution of these devices has taken much longer than anticipated. Nevertheless, significant advances have been achieve...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(02)00133-9
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The number of supporters of complete arch replacement in the surgery of acute type A aortic dissection has been steadily increasing as a result of cerebral perfusion techniques that enable the extension of safe circulatory arrest time. However, there is no agreement in the surgical community on an optimal surgical app...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2010.01.007
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many of the transcatheter devices described in this article remain investigational in the United States. Currently, we consider the applications of these techniques as either (1) procedures of choice (for closures of patent ductus arteriosus, balloon dilation or stent implantation for peripheral pulmonary stenoses, ba...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::One hundred years ago, Augustus Desiré Waller recorded the human electrocardiogram for the first time, using a capillary electrometer. Electrocardiography only became clinically relevant in 1901 when Willem Einthoven devised his string galvanometer for this purpose. Sir Thomas Lewis was the key figure in showing the v...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exercise therapy is a valid therapeutic modality in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP). In combination with appropriate dietary modification, it can be a powerful therapeutic tool and may allow a reduction in hyperlipidemic medication doses. Improved triglyceride values and lipoprotein profiles can be obtained. ...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1987-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the last 2 decades human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a chronic disease requiring long-term management. Aging, antiretroviral therapy, chronic inflammation, and several other factors contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients infected with HIV. In low-income and mi...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2016.09.003
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article describes the background and methodology of the published studies assessing the effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy and of treatment of multiple risk factors on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. The results are then presented, followed by a discussion of the lessons that can be learned from...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(05)70259-9
更新日期:1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Concurrent, independent clinical series at Yale University and the University of Virginia demonstrate an important role for CABG in patients with advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy. It is found that CABG can be performed safely in these patients, both angina and congestive heart failure states improve, ejection fraction...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) improve survival in patients who have left ventricular dysfunction; however, they are associated with numerous problems at implant and during follow-up. The diagnosis and management of these problems is usually straightforward, but more difficult problems may include the ...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2008.03.012
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coronary thrombosis is now recognized as the most common proximate cause of acute myocardial infarction, and thrombolysis is evolving as an accepted therapeutic approach to patients presenting in the early stages of myocardial infarction. The ascent of thrombolysis in treatment hierarchies reflects multiple factors, i...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1987-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) represents an umbrella of ischemic myocardial disease and diagnoses encompassing unstable angina (UA), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). UA and NSTEMI for all intents and purposes, share similar pathophysiology, but at increas...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2017.08.003
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::With recent technical and clinical advances, adenosine stress perfusion MRI has evolved from a promising research tool to an everyday clinical test. This article reviews the current state of stress perfusion MRI. Specifically, it addresses the following topics: validation of stress perfusion MRI in preclinical studies...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2007.02.002
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::As the next millennium approaches, excitement and promise characterize the future of dilated cardiomyopathy. Until recently, dilated cardiomyopathy was considered an incurable, uniformly fatal chronic disease. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that at least a quarter of patients with recent onset of symptoms wit...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(05)70047-3
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intracoronary ultrasound provides unique information during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), including more accurate measurement of vessel size and plaque burden as well as plaque characteristics such as composition and distribution. As a research tool, it has been useful in determining the mecha...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(05)70316-7
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pulmonary hypertension is a complex disorder with multiple etiologies; the World Health Organization classification system divides pulmonary hypertension patients into 5 groups based on the underlying cause and mechanism. Group 5 pulmonary hypertension is a heterogeneous group of diseases that encompasses pulmonary hy...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2016.04.004
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chest pain is a common complaint in the emergency department, and it is the job of clinicians to rule out life-threatening diagnoses such as acute coronary syndrome. The history, physical examination, cardiac risk factors, electrocardiogram findings, and clinician judgment are often not enough to distinguish between c...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2017.08.001
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) store clinically valuable, time-sensitive information regarding system integrity, arrhythmias, and heart failure parameters. Remote monitoring has impacted clinical practice by reducing scheduled office visits, providing protocols for device recalls and advisories, and fa...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2014.01.001
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Occlusion of the left atrial appendage (LAA) may reduce the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Trials comparing LAA occlusion to warfarin anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular AF showed a reduction in hemorrhagic stroke, although an increase in safety events due to procedural complication...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2013.05.008
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is associated with improvement in patient-centered outcomes, such as mortality, heart failure readmission, and atrial fibrillation recurrence, compared with standard medical therapy with or without device therapy. T...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2019.01.004
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dilated cardiomyopathy is a heterogeneous disease, both clinically and genetically. Two genes responsible for X-linked DCM have been identified. Five genetic loci responsible for X-linked DCM have been identified. Five genetic loci responsible for autosomal dominant DCM have also been mapped but no genes identified so...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(05)70037-0
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypertensive heart disease (HHD), a result of long-standing hypertension, is characterized by changes in the myocardial structure and function in the absence of other primary cardiovascular abnormalities. Although increased blood pressure is the initiating stimulus, neurohormonal factors, particularly the renin-angiot...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2010.07.005
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A number of therapeutic agents, foods, chemicals, and poisons have been associated with the development or exacerbation of hypertension. This review discusses those identified in recent years. ...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medical management of PAD is a considerable challenge. Although patients typically present with IC, there is a substantial pool of subclinical PAD patients. PAD, whether symptomatic or not, confers a marked cardiovascular risk; with affected patients dying of heart attack or stroke, identification of index patients an...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(02)00089-9
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Valvular heart disease (VHD) is generally well tolerated during pregnancy; however, the dramatic changes in hemodynamics that occur during pregnancy can lead to clinical decompensation in high-risk women. Women with VHD considering pregnancy should undergo preconception counseling with a high-risk obstetrician and car...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2020.09.010
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients who have chest pain following the use of cocaine have become more common in emergency departments throughout the United States,with approximately 6% of these patients sustaining an acute MI. The authors have described the rationale for recommending aspirin, benzodiaze-pines, and nitroglycerin as first-line tr...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2005.09.003
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heart-kidney interactions have been increasingly recognized by clinicians and researchers who study and treat heart failure and kidney disease. A classification system has been developed to categorize the different manifestations of cardiac and renal dysfunction. Work has highlighted the significant negative prognosti...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2010.04.004
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parenterally administered narcotic analgesics are a critically important part of therapy for the patient with acute myocardial ischemic syndromes. These agents are very effective and, when used with appropriate caution and monitoring, are also generally safe. They not only relieve the sensation of severe pain but also...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1988-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coronary artery bypass grafting (CAGB) is superior to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in reducing mortality in certain patients and improving the composite end points of angina, recurrent myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization procedures. However, CABG is associated with a higher perioperative st...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2014.04.011
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the past decade, ambulatory monitoring of the blood pressure has become an important tool for evaluating the pharmacodynamics and clinical efficacy of antihypertensive drugs during development. Furthermore, this methodology aids physicians in practice in the assessment of blood pressure control in many subsets ...
journal_title:Cardiology clinics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00