Tuberculosis in biologic users for rheumatic diseases: results from the South African Biologics Registry (SABIO).

Abstract:

OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the rate of tuberculosis (TB) in biologic users for rheumatic diseases in South Africa, the effectiveness of our latent TB infection (LTBI) programme, risk factors and outcome. METHODS:TB cases were collected from the South African Biologics Registry (SABIO), rheumatologists and pharmaceutical companies. Demographics, LTBI screening and treatment, biological and disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapies, TB diagnosis and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS:96 TB cases were collected from 1999 to June 2017: rheumatoid arthritis 55, ankylosing spondylitis 27, psoriatic arthritis 4, and juvenile inflammatory arthritis 10. The TB rate was 1240/100 000 person years for biologic users (n=96) versus the biologic naive cohort of 0/100 000 years with an incidence rate difference of 0.0124 (p<0.0001). 60/96 had pulmonary and 36/96 had extra-pulmonary TB. Reactivation TB occurred in 45/96 cases. TB occurred in all biologics licenced in South Africa, the majority in monoclonal inhibitors (1683/100 000 person years) compared with etanercept (861/100 000 person years) and non-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors (681/100 000 person years). The incidence rate ratio for monoclonal inhibitors compared with etanercept was 1.96 (p=0.005) and 2.47 (p=0.002) compared with non-TNF inhibitors with no significant difference between non-TNF inhibitors and etanercept (p=0.336). From those (12.9%) who screened LTBI positive, 14 developed TB, while the majority (77) screened LTBI negative. Black race, male sex, younger age and residence in the Western Cape were statistical risk factors. Two drug resistant TB cases and six deaths occurred. CONCLUSION:Reactivation and new onset TB is a significant risk for all biologics users in SA. Screening for LTBI is an imperative preventative strategy.

journal_name

Ann Rheum Dis

authors

Pettipher C,Benitha R

doi

10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216128

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-02-01 00:00:00

pages

292-299

issue

2

eissn

0003-4967

issn

1468-2060

pii

annrheumdis-2019-216128

journal_volume

79

pub_type

杂志文章
  • The immune suppressive effect of dexamethasone in rheumatoid arthritis is accompanied by upregulation of interleukin 10 and by differential changes in interferon gamma and interleukin 4 production.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:The influence of dexamethasone on interleukin 10 (IL10) production and the type 1 (T1)/type 2 (T2) T cell balance found in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was studied. METHODS:Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNC) were isolated from 14 RA patients both before and 7 and 42 days after high dose dexamethasone ...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.58.1.49

    authors: Verhoef CM,van Roon JA,Vianen ME,Lafeber FP,Bijlsma JW

    更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00

  • Comparison of the efficacy of the tumour necrosis factor alpha blocking agents adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab when added to methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine, using the method of adjusted indirect comparisons, whether there are differences in efficacy of tumour necrosis factor (TNF alpha) blocking agents, as measured by the rate ratios for American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20, 50, and 70 responses, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with an in...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1136/ard.62.suppl_2.ii13

    authors: Hochberg MC,Tracy JK,Hawkins-Holt M,Flores RH

    更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00

  • Adalimumab added to a treat-to-target strategy with methotrexate and intra-articular triamcinolone in early rheumatoid arthritis increased remission rates, function and quality of life. The OPERA Study: an investigator-initiated, randomised, double-blind,

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:An investigator-initiated, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, treat-to-target protocol (Clinical Trials:NCT00660647) studied whether adalimumab added to methotrexate and intra-articular triamcinolone as first-line treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA) increased the frequency of low disease activity ...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202735

    authors: Hørslev-Petersen K,Hetland ML,Junker P,Pødenphant J,Ellingsen T,Ahlquist P,Lindegaard H,Linauskas A,Schlemmer A,Dam MY,Hansen I,Horn HC,Ammitzbøll CG,Jørgensen A,Krintel SB,Raun J,Johansen JS,Østergaard M,Stengaard-Pe

    更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00

  • The faux profil (oblique view) of the hip in the standing position. Contribution to the evaluation of osteoarthritis of the adult hip.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:The technique and results of a special oblique radiograph of the hip called the "faux profil" (FP) of the hip are described. The FP was evaluated for the detection of joint space narrowing in incipient osteoarthritis of the hip (OAH) as compared with the anteroposterior (AP) radiograph. METHODS:58 hips with ...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.57.11.676

    authors: Lequesne MG,Laredo JD

    更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00

  • Serum uric acid levels among thirty-four thousand people in Japan.

    abstract::During 1978 a survey was carried out on 34 036 people in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, in an epidemiological study of hyperuricaemia; 15 713 males and 18 324 females were examined by means of our health examination car. The subjects of the survey were all volunteers. The results have shown that the serum uric acid (SUA) l...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.41.3.272

    authors: Akizuki S

    更新日期:1982-06-01 00:00:00

  • Assessment of anti-inflammatory drugs in the rat using subcutaneous implants of polyurethane foam impregnated with dead tubercle bacilli.

    abstract::The fluid and cellular phases of inflammatory resonse have been measured using a technique employing subcutaneous implantation of polyurethane foam cubes impregnated with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Phenylbutazone, azathioprine, aspirin, cyclophosphamide, and prednisolone suppressed fluid response, whereas...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.34.4.326

    authors: Clarke AK,Vernon-Roberts B,Currey HL

    更新日期:1975-08-01 00:00:00

  • Research in hand osteoarthritis: time for reappraisal and demand for new strategies. An opinion paper.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Osteoarthritis of the hands is a prevalent musculoskeletal disease with a considerable effect on patients' lives, but knowledge and research results in the field of hand osteoarthritis are limited. Therefore, the Disease Characteristics in Hand OA (DICHOA) initiative was founded in early 2005 with the aim of...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析

    doi:10.1136/ard.2007.070813

    authors: Kloppenburg M,Stamm T,Watt I,Kainberger F,Cawston TE,Birrell FN,Petersson IF,Saxne T,Kvien TK,Slatkowsky-Christensen B,Dougados M,Gossec L,Breedveld FC,Smolen JS

    更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00

  • Immunological and clinical follow up of hepatitis C virus associated cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To study immunological markers and compare these markers with standard measures for the clinical and immunological follow up of vasculitis activity in hepatitis C virus (HCV) associated cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis (CV). METHODS:Serial serum samples from eight patients with newly diagnosed HCV associated CV ...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.60.4.385

    authors: Lamprecht P,Moosig F,Gause A,Herlyn K,Csernok E,Hansen H,Gross WL

    更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00

  • HLA-Cw6 and HLA-DRB1*07 together are associated with less severe joint disease in psoriatic arthritis.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes predict disease severity in psoriasis (HLA-Cw6) and rheumatoid arthritis (shared epitope (SE)), but the situation is unclear for psoriatic arthritis (PsA). AIM:To determine the association of the HLA-Cw6 and HLA-DRB1 gene with disease severity in a large UK cohort with Ps...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.2006.064972

    authors: Ho PY,Barton A,Worthington J,Thomson W,Silman AJ,Bruce IN

    更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00

  • Raised monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:An imbalance in cytokine homoeostasis is thought to have a key role in the neuropsychiatric syndromes of systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), and recently, a role for chemokines has been noted. OBJECTIVE:To compare concentrations of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.2005.041640

    authors: Iikuni N,Okamoto H,Yoshio T,Sato E,Kamitsuji S,Iwamoto T,Momohara S,Taniguchi A,Yamanaka H,Minota S,Kamatani N

    更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00

  • Regulatory eosinophils induce the resolution of experimental arthritis and appear in remission state of human rheumatoid arthritis.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:Eosinophils possess pro-inflammatory functions in asthma. However, our recent studies have suggested that innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s) and eosinophils have proresolving properties in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Nothing is known yet about the mechanisms determining the double-edged role of eosinophils....

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218902

    authors: Andreev D,Liu M,Kachler K,Llerins Perez M,Kirchner P,Kölle J,Gießl A,Rauber S,Song R,Aust O,Grüneboom A,Kleyer A,Cañete JD,Ekici A,Ramming A,Finotto S,Schett G,Bozec A

    更新日期:2020-11-04 00:00:00

  • Detection of immune deposits in skin lesions of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is considered a pauci-immune systemic vasculitis based on the absence of immune deposits in renal biopsies of patients with active disease. In animal models of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated glomerulonephritis, immune deposits along the glomerular capillar...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.60.12.1097

    authors: Brons RH,de Jong MC,de Boer NK,Stegeman CA,Kallenberg CG,Tervaert JW

    更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00

  • Change of prostaglandin E level in joint fluids after treatment with flurbiprofen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

    abstract::The prostaglandin E (PGE) level in the knee joint fluid was determined by radioimmunoassay before and after anti-inflammatory therapy with flurbiprofen in 8 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 4 patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The level of PGE in RA joint fluids before the anti-inflammatory treatment was 9....

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.40.5.462

    authors: Tokunaga M,Ohuchi K,Yoshizawa S,Tsurufuji S,Rikimaru A,Wakamatsu E

    更新日期:1981-10-01 00:00:00

  • Evaluation of the effect of antiarthritic drugs on the secretion of proteoglycans by lapine chondrocytes using a novel assay procedure.

    abstract::A new method is described for separating free 35SO4-- from 35SO4 labelled proteoglycans synthesised by rabbit articular chondrocytes cultured in the presence of excess 35SO4--. The procedure uses the low solubility product of barium sulphate to remove, by precipitation, free 35SO4-- from culture medium. Optimum recove...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.48.5.372

    authors: Collier S,Ghosh P

    更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00

  • Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving tocilizumab therapy.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:We assessed the impact of tocilizumab (TCZ), a humanised monoclonal anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, on antibody response following administration of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). METHODS:A total of 190 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) received PPV23. Patients were c...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202658

    authors: Mori S,Ueki Y,Akeda Y,Hirakata N,Oribe M,Shiohira Y,Hidaka T,Oishi K

    更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00

  • Mycophenolate mofetil prevents a clinical relapse in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus at risk.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterised by the presence of antibodies to double stranded DNA (dsDNA), which are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. Previous studies showed that at least two thirds of patients develop a clinical relapse within six months after a significant rise in the anti-dsDNA...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.62.6.534

    authors: Bijl M,Horst G,Bootsma H,Limburg PC,Kallenberg CG

    更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00

  • Screening for latent tuberculosis infection: performance of tuberculin skin test and interferon-γ release assays under real-life conditions.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:To characterise optimal screening strategies for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) prior to the initiation of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy. METHODS:Patients in 62 German rheumatology centres were evaluated for LTBI. Each patient was screened with a tuberculin skin test (TST) and one form of an int...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200941

    authors: Kleinert S,Tony HP,Krueger K,Detert J,Mielke F,Rockwitz K,Schwenke R,Burmester GR,Diel R,Feuchtenberger M,Kneitz C

    更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00

  • IL-23R gene confers susceptibility to Behcet's disease in a Chinese Han population.

    abstract:PURPOSE:IL-23 has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of Behcet's disease (BD) through promoting IL-17 production. This study examined whether IL-23R polymorphisms were associated with susceptibility to this disease in a Chinese Han population. METHODS:Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), rs7517847, r...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1136/ard.2009.119420

    authors: Jiang Z,Yang P,Hou S,Du L,Xie L,Zhou H,Kijlstra A

    更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00

  • New application of myocardial antimyosin scintigraphy: diagnosis of myocardial disease in polymyositis.

    abstract::Heart disease is a rare but important complication of polymyositis. Diagnosis of myocardial disease is usually based on non-specific clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic data. This paper reports a case of polymyositis with myocardial disease diagnosed by myocardial imaging with radiolabelled antibody ...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.52.3.235

    authors: Le Guludec D,Lhote F,Weinmann P,Royer I,Jarrousse B,Caillat-Vigneron N,Guillevin L,Moretti JL

    更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00

  • HLA-DR-DQ haplotypes and genotypes in Finnish patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:To elucidate the contribution of HLA-DR-DQ haplotypes and their genotypic combinations to susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis, and to evaluate the various models for HLA associated risk for the disease in a series of Finnish patients. METHODS:322 Finnish patients with rheumatoid arthritis were typed for ...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1136/ard.2003.009969

    authors: Laivoranta-Nyman S,Möttönen T,Hermann R,Tuokko J,Luukkainen R,Hakala M,Hannonen P,Korpela M,Yli-Kerttula U,Toivanen A,Ilonen J,FIN-RACo Trial Group.

    更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00

  • Fibronectin gene polymorphisms are associated with the development of B-cell lymphoma in type II mixed cryoglobulinemia.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To analyse fibronectin (FN) gene polymorphisms in type II mixed cryoglobulinemic syndrome (MCsn), an immune-complex mediated systemic vasculitis linked to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and characterised by rheumatoid factor (RF) positive B-cell proliferation at high risk for the progression into non-Hodgk...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1136/ard.2006.067637

    authors: Fabris M,Quartuccio L,Salvin S,Pozzato G,De Re V,Mazzaro C,Ferri C,Baldini C,De Vita S

    更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00

  • Evaluation of low back pain and assessment of lumbar corsets with and without back supports.

    abstract::A method is described for evaluating the progress of patients with back pain. Various symptoms were scored on analogue scales and spinal motion was measured by various techniques. These data were integrated to make subjective and objective indices respectively. Reasonable reproducibility of the measurements was obtain...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1136/ard.40.5.449

    authors: Million R,Nilsen KH,Jayson MI,Baker RD

    更新日期:1981-10-01 00:00:00

  • Preservation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals: effect of Mayer's haematoxylin staining period.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To clarify the deleterious effects of Mayer's haematoxylin staining procedure which result in a decrease in, or complete loss of, the number of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals, and to determine the proper staining period for preserving the crystals in a histological paraffin section of articul...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.60.1.80

    authors: Ohira T,Ishikawa K

    更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00

  • No serological indications that systemic lupus erythematosus is linked with exposure to human parvovirus B19.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:Infectious agents like parvovirus have been implicated as exogenous factors that could trigger onset of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A number of case reports describing a SLE-like presentation of acute human parvovirus B19 infection have been published, but no systematic investigation of the actual se...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.59.1.64

    authors: Bengtsson A,Widell A,Elmstâhl S,Sturfelt G

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • QUEST-RA: quantitative clinical assessment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis seen in standard rheumatology care in 15 countries.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To conduct a cross-sectional review of non-selected consecutive outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as part of standard clinical care in 15 countries for an overview of the characteristics of patients with RA. METHODS:The review included current disease activity using data from clinical assessment and...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1136/ard.2006.069252

    authors: Sokka T,Kautiainen H,Toloza S,Mäkinen H,Verstappen SM,Lund Hetland M,Naranjo A,Baecklund E,Herborn G,Rau R,Cazzato M,Gossec L,Skakic V,Gogus F,Sierakowski S,Bresnihan B,Taylor P,McClinton C,Pincus T,QUEST-RA Group.

    更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00

  • The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis and for spondyloarthritis in general.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate new classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis (SpA) in patients with SpA with peripheral manifestations only. METHODS:In this Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) study, two prespecified sets of criteria were compared against the European Spondylarthropathy ...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.2010.133645

    authors: Rudwaleit M,van der Heijde D,Landewé R,Akkoc N,Brandt J,Chou CT,Dougados M,Huang F,Gu J,Kirazli Y,Van den Bosch F,Olivieri I,Roussou E,Scarpato S,Sørensen IJ,Valle-Oñate R,Weber U,Wei J,Sieper J

    更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00

  • Long-term efficacy and safety of canakinumab in patients with colchicine-resistant familial Mediterranean fever: results from the randomised phase III CLUSTER trial.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of canakinumab to treat patients with colchicine-resistant familial Mediterranean fever (crFMF) during Epoch 4 (weeks 41 to 113) of the CLUSTER study. METHODS:Patients received open-label canakinumab 150 or 300 mg, every 4 or 8 weeks during a 72-week period. We ...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217419

    authors: Ozen S,Ben-Cherit E,Foeldvari I,Amarilyo G,Ozdogan H,Vanderschueren S,Marzan K,Kahlenberg JM,Dekker E,De Benedetti F,Koné-Paut I

    更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00

  • Golimumab administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks in ankylosing spondylitis: 104-week results of the GO-RAISE study.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the efficacy and safety of golimumab over 104 weeks in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. METHODS:At baseline, patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (n=356) were randomly assigned (1:1.8:1.8) to subcutaneous injections of placebo (group 1), golimumab 50 mg (group 2) or golimumab 100...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1136/ard.2011.154799

    authors: Braun J,Deodhar A,Inman RD,van der Heijde D,Mack M,Xu S,Hsu B

    更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00

  • Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate provides broad relief from the burden of rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of patient-reported outcomes from the RAPID 2 trial.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the impact of certolizumab pegol (CZP) on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to interpret these results using number needed to treat (NNT), and associations between PRO responses and longer term outcomes. METHODS:A total of 619 patients with active RA were randomised...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1136/ard.2010.143586

    authors: Strand V,Smolen JS,van Vollenhoven RF,Mease P,Burmester GR,Hiepe F,Khanna D,Nikaï E,Coteur G,Schiff M

    更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00

  • Intra-articular corticosteroids are effective in osteoarthritis but there are no clinical predictors of response.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:To show whether intra-articular steroid injections are effective in osteoarthritis; to determine factors that predict response; and to determine whether injection has a beneficial effect on muscle strength. METHODS:Double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study in 59 patients with symptomatic osteoarthri...

    journal_title:Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:10.1136/ard.55.11.829

    authors: Jones A,Doherty M

    更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00