Abstract:
:Persons whose experienced or expressed gender differs from their sex assigned at birth may identify as transgender. Transgender and gender-diverse persons may have gender dysphoria (i.e., distress related to this incongruence) and often face substantial health care disparities and barriers to care. Gender identity is distinct from sexual orientation, sex development, and external gender expression. Each construct is culturally variable and exists along continuums rather than as dichotomous entities. Training staff in culturally sensitive terminology and transgender topics (e.g., use of chosen name and pronouns), creating welcoming and affirming clinical environments, and assessing personal biases may facilitate improved patient interactions. Depending on their comfort level and the availability of local subspecialty support, primary care clinicians may evaluate gender dysphoria and manage applicable hormone therapy, or monitor well-being and provide primary care and referrals. The history and physical examination should be sensitive and tailored to the reason for each visit. Clinicians should identify and treat mental health conditions but avoid the assumption that such conditions are related to gender identity. Preventive services should be based on the patient's current anatomy, medication use, and behaviors. Gender-affirming hormone therapy, which involves the use of an estrogen and antiandrogen, or of testosterone, is generally safe but partially irreversible. Specialized referral-based surgical services may improve outcomes in select patients. Adolescents experiencing puberty should be evaluated for reversible puberty suppression, which may make future affirmation easier and safer. Aspects of affirming care should not be delayed until gender stability is ensured. Multidisciplinary care may be optimal but is not universally available.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
Klein DA,Paradise SL,Goodwin ETsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-12-01 00:00:00pages
645-653issue
11eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650pii
d13977journal_volume
98pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Hypertension is the most common chronic condition treated by family physicians. Elevated blood pressure is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, and death. Treatment of hypertension reduces the risk of these events. Several lifestyle modifications are assoc...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has issued recommendations on behavioral counseling to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and recommendations about screening for individual STIs. Clinicians should obtain a sexual history to assess for behaviors that increase a patient's risk. Community and...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Particularly in rural settings, Trichophyton verrucosum commonly causes an inflammatory tinea infection, sometimes called 'barn itch." There is usually a history of contact with animals. The demonstration of clusters of large spores in a potassium hydroxide preparation of scrappings obtained from clinically involved s...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nitrates are frequently found in vegetables and ground water. Nitrate levels in ground water have increased over the past two decades because of the heightened use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Following ingestion, nitrates are converted to nitrites by fecal organisms. Nitrites are absorbed and form methemoglobin, which...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infectious arthritis can help prevent significant morbidity and mortality. The acute onset of monoarticular joint pain, erythema, heat, and immobility should raise suspicion of sepsis. Constitutional symptoms such as fever, chills, and rigors are poorly sensitive for septic arthritis....
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2011-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::Although the role of digoxin therapy has been the subject of debate, the drug is generally accepted as effective in the treatment of heart failure due to systolic dysfunction and as therapy for atrial fibrillation and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Serum digoxin concentrations are commonly used to gauge patient re...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anemia in children is commonly encountered by the family physician. Multiple causes exist, but with a thorough history, a physical examination and limited laboratory evaluation a specific diagnosis can usually be established. The use of the mean corpuscular volume to classify the anemia as microcytic, normocytic or ma...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2001-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Family physicians can effectively help their patients stop smoking by using brief intervention and simple office organizational procedures. Intervention involves asking all patients about smoking, advising smokers to stop, assisting with self-help materials, establishing a date for quitting, possibly prescribing nicot...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tick-borne diseases in the United States include Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, tularemia, babesiosis, Colorado tick fever, and relapsing fever. It is important for family physicians to consider these illnesses when patients present with influenza-like symptoms. A petechial rash initially af...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2005-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::Acute pancreatitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by midepigastric pain, nausea and vomiting. Numerous etiologies have been linked with this entity, principally alcoholism and biliary disease. Once the clinical suspicion of pancreatitis is confirmed, supportive therapy with intravenous hydration and close observ...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1985-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Subungual hemorrhage, onychauxis, onychogryphosis, mycotic infections, onychia and paronychia are common toenail disorders in the elderly. The many contributing factors include impaired vision, changes in gait, past foot conditions and neurovascular disease. Hyperkeratotic disorders are secondary to external or intern...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2002-05-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
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doi:
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journal_title:American family physician
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journal_title:American family physician
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doi:
更新日期:1983-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::More than 30% of U.S. adults report having experienced low back pain within the preceding three months. Although most low back pain is nonspecific and self-limiting, a subset of patients develop chronic low back pain, defined as persistent symptoms for longer than three months. Low back pain is categorized as nonspeci...
journal_title:American family physician
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doi:
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journal_title:American family physician
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doi:
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journal_title:American family physician
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doi:
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
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更新日期:2006-12-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
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