Abstract:
:Acute ankle injury, a common musculoskeletal injury, can cause ankle sprains. Some evidence suggests that previous injuries or limited joint flexibility may contribute to ankle sprains. The initial assessment of an acute ankle injury should include questions about the timing and mechanism of the injury. The Ottawa Ankle and Foot Rules provide clinical guidelines for excluding a fracture in adults and children and determining if radiography is indicated at the time of injury. Reexamination three to five days after injury, when pain and swelling have improved, may help with the diagnosis. Therapy for ankle sprains focuses on controlling pain and swelling. PRICE (Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation) is a well-established protocol for the treatment of ankle injury. There is some evidence that applying ice and using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs improves healing and speeds recovery. Functional rehabilitation (e.g., motion restoration and strengthening exercises) is preferred over immobilization. Superiority of surgical repair versus functional rehabilitation for severe lateral ligament rupture is controversial. Treatment using semirigid supports is superior to using elastic bandages. Support devices provide some protection against future ankle sprains, particularly in persons with a history of recurrent sprains. Ankle disk or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercise regimens also may be helpful, although the literature supporting this is limited.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
Ivins Dsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-11-15 00:00:00pages
1714-20issue
10eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650journal_volume
74pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Effective management of life-threatening emergencies in infants and children demands a high level of technical skill. The Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) provider course, developed jointly by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Heart Association, is highly recommended to help physicians prepare ...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Each year physicians must decide which of the thousands of newly published articles they will take time to read. To determine which articles are the most clinically useful, physicians should assess their relevance, validity, and clinical importance. Using these criteria can drastically decrease the number of articles ...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2009-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Because the prevalence of urinary incontinence increases with age, a working knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of the various types of urinary incontinence is fundamental to the care of women. As the population of the United States ages, primary care physicians can expect to see an increasing number of patients...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::New beta lactams and the quinolone class of antibiotics represent major improvements in the therapy of moderate to severe infections. These newer antibiotics have an extended spectrum of antimicrobial activity, excellent pharmacokinetic properties and low toxicity. The beta lactams include carbapenems, represented by ...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1988-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medical problems associated with prematurity are frequently complex, and a multidisciplinary approach is often required. Some common problems include the following: (1) anemia, which can be reduced by iron supplementation, (2) cerebral palsy or mental retardation as a result of intraventricular hemorrhage or periventr...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1998-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::Eating disorders are life-threatening conditions that are challenging to address; however, the primary care setting provides an important opportunity for critical medical and psychosocial intervention. The recently published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., includes updated diagnostic cr...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atrial fibrillation is a supraventricular arrhythmia that adversely affects cardiac function and increases the risk of stroke. It is the most common arrhythmia and a major source of morbidity and mortality; its prevalence increases with age. Pulse rate is sensitive, but not specific, for diagnosis, and suspected atria...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2016-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::The clinical course is highly variable. The chance of recurrence is about 60 percent. Patients are infectious when lesions are present and, to a lesser extent, when asymptomatic virus shedding occurs. The chain of transmission can be difficult to ascertain. Transmission to the neonate is the most feared complication. ...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients with symptomatic lumbar disk disease may present with back pain, referred leg pain, radicular leg pain, sensory changes and leg weakness. Because neurologic deficits are commonly localized to the L5 or S1 nerve roots, evaluation of patients with such symptoms should focus on these dermatomes and muscle groups...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coxsackievirus B infection is common in children and young adults, usually causing mild symptoms in the gastrointestinal or upper respiratory tract. However, some patients develop pleurodynia, carditis or aseptic meningitis. This viral infection can be serious in the fetus and fatal in the newborn. Coxsackievirus B in...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The female athlete triad is defined as the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea and osteoporosis. This disorder often goes unrecognized. The consequences of lost bone mineral density can be devastating for the female athlete. Premature osteoporotic fractures can occur, and lost bone mineral density may never b...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Knee osteoarthritis is a common disabling condition that affects more than one-third of persons older than 65 years. Exercise, weight loss, physical therapy, intra-articular corticosteroid injections, and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and braces or heel wedges decrease pain and improve function. Acet...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Growth hormone from human pituitary glands has been available for 30 years. Because of the scarce supply and the danger of transmitting Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, use of the hormone was discontinued in 1984. Fortunately, synthetic growth hormone produced with recombinant DNA technology became available in 1985 and eli...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a commonly performed procedure for the removal of symptomatic gallstones. Compared with open cholecystectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with less postoperative pain, earlier discharge from the hospital and a more rapid recovery. However, there are specific contraindicat...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::More women, men and children receive medical care each month in the offices of primary care physicians than any other professional setting. There is an urgent need for health policies that encourage further innovation and implementation ...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::Many patients expect to undergo screening tests for cancer. In evaluating screening procedures, physicians must take into account the known effects of lead time, length and screening biases, all of which can result in an overestimation of the benefits of screening. The gold standard by which a screening test is evalua...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytochrome P450 enzymes are essential for the metabolism of many medications. Although this class has more than 50 enzymes, six of them metabolize 90 percent of drugs, with the two most significant enzymes being CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Genetic variability (polymorphism) in these enzymes may influence a patient's response t...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States has risen dramatically in the past several decades. Although 25 to 30 percent of children are affected, this condition is underdiagnosed and undertreated. Hormonal and genetic factors are rarely the cause of childhood obesity; unnecessary diagnostic evaluations ...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1999-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::Urine drug screening can enhance workplace safety, monitor medication compliance, and detect drug abuse. Ordering and interpreting these tests requires an understanding of testing modalities, detection times for specific drugs, and common explanations for false-positive and false-negative results. Employment screening...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::New recommendations for the classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus include the preferred use of the terms "type 1" and "type 2" instead of "IDDM" and "NIDDM" to designate the two major types of diabetes mellitus; simplification of the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus to two abnormal fasting plasma ...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1998-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Grief and depression present similarly in patients who are dying. Conventional symptoms (e.g., frequent crying, weight loss, thoughts of death) used to assess for depression in these patients may be imprecise because these symptoms are also present in preparatory grief and as a part of the normal dying process. Prepar...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Constipation is a common childhood condition, estimated to occur in 5 to 10 percent of children. In most cases, the cause is functional. However, constipation may occasionally indicate a significant organic disorder, which can usually be determined by a thorough history and physical examination. Constipation that is p...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypertension is the most common chronic condition treated by family physicians. Elevated blood pressure is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, and death. Treatment of hypertension reduces the risk of these events. Several lifestyle modifications are assoc...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of syphilis is increasing, predominantly among urban heterosexuals. Early recognition is important in preventing progression of the disease and transmission of Treponema pallidum to the fetus. Untreated primary syphilis is characterized by intervals of active disease punctuated by periods of latency. Not...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that is not associated with pelvis pathology. It usually begins with the onset of ovulatory cycles, characteristically appearing in the year after menarche and increasing with time. The pain is associated with increased myometrial activity. Oral contraceptives and prostaglandin s...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1981-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synovial osteochondromatosis is a benign disorder in which cartilaginous loose bodies develop about the large joints, usually the knee. It is caused by synovial metaplasia of unknown etiology. Symptoms are due either to mechanical problems caused by the loose bodies or to the degenerative arthritis that usually follow...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Papanicolaou smear is a well-established component of preventive health protocols for women. The purpose of this screening tool is to detect precursor lesions of invasive cervical carcinoma; however, the natural progression of these lesions is unclear, and it currently is not possible to determine which of the man...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proper suturing technique is essential for obtaining good cosmetic results and avoiding infection, scarring and poor wound healing. Techniques that must be mastered include good eversion of skin edges, avoiding suture marks, maintaining uniform tensile strength along the skin edges and precise approximation of skin ed...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nephrolithiasis is a rare but important condition in pregnant women. The most common presenting complaint is flank pain. Recurrent or persistent urinary tract infections may also be due to nephrolithiasis. Ultrasound is the first-line diagnostic study, but a limited intravenous pyelogram can be obtained when indicated...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The principal means of evaluating perimenopausal bleeding is endometrial biopsy performed in the office. With the rising incidence of endometrial cancer, an accurate diagnosis is imperative. Outpatient endometrial biopsy is well accepted by patients, provides ample tissue for histologic examination and has good diagno...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-02-01 00:00:00