Abstract:
:Mild elevations in levels of the liver enzymes alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase are commonly discovered in asymptomatic patients in primary care. Evidence to guide the diagnostic workup is limited. If the history and physical examination do not suggest a cause, a stepwise evaluation should be initiated based on the prevalence of diseases that cause mild elevations in transaminase levels. The most common cause is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which can affect up to 30 percent of the population. Other common causes include alcoholic liver disease, medication-associated liver injury, viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), and hemochromatosis. Less common causes include α(1)-antitrypsin deficiency, autoimmune hepatitis, and Wilson disease. Extrahepatic conditions (e.g., thyroid disorders, celiac disease, hemolysis, muscle disorders) can also cause elevated liver transaminase levels. Initial testing should include a fasting lipid profile; measurement of glucose, serum iron, and ferritin; total iron-binding capacity; and hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibody testing. If test results are normal, a trial of lifestyle modification with observation or further testing for less common causes is appropriate. Additional testing may include ultrasonography; measurement of α(1)-antitrypsin and ceruloplasmin; serum protein electrophoresis; and antinuclear antibody, smooth muscle antibody, and liver/kidney microsomal antibody type 1 testing. Referral for further evaluation and possible liver biopsy is recommended if transaminase levels remain elevated for six months or more.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
Oh RC,Hustead TRsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-11-01 00:00:00pages
1003-8issue
9eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650pii
d9031journal_volume
84pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Adult immunization rates have fallen short of national goals partly because of misconceptions about the safety and benefits of current vaccines. The danger of these misconceptions is magnified during pregnancy, when concerned physicians are hesitant to administer vaccines and patients are reluctant to accept them. Rou...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2003-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Portal hypertension is a frequent consequence of liver disease, especially alcoholic cirrhosis. Unabated elevations in portal pressure may presage an esophageal variceal hemorrhage. Propranolol or isosorbide therapy is effective in the prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. In patients with acute variceal hemorrhage, endos...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::So many topical antifungal agents have been introduced that it has become very difficult to select the proper agent for a given infection. Nonspecific agents have been available for many years, and they are still effective in many situations. These agents include Whitfield's ointment, Castellani paint, gentian violet,...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thyroid function tests, radioiodine uptake and scintiscanning, and antithyroid antibody titers are the main laboratory tests useful in the management of goiter. Scintiscanning and ultrasonography aid in differentiating a functioning adenoma from a "cold" solid nodule--a crucial distinction since the incidence of cance...
journal_title:American family physician
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doi:
更新日期:1983-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The physical examination requires careful palpation of pulses and measurement of blood pressure, evaluation of heart sounds (including detection of the third heart sound) and appreciation of clicks and murmurs. Combined with the chest x-ray and electrocardiographic findings, these steps usually lead to the most common...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1985-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Some skin conditions, such as blistering diseases, guttate and pustular psoriasis, exfoliative erythroderma, reactive erythemas and acute contact dermatitis have an acute onset and require prompt intervention. Acute vesicular or weeping dermatoses are best treated with cool, wet compresses and topical lotions, whereas...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tic disorders and Tourette's syndrome are conditions that primary care physicians are likely to encounter. Up to 20 percent of children have at least a transient tic disorder at some point. Once believed to be rare, Tourette's syndrome is now known to be a more common disorder that represents the most complex and seve...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1999-04-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
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更新日期:2010-02-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2005-07-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1988-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2011-10-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1988-11-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:American family physician
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
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journal_title:American family physician
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doi:
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of syphilis is increasing, predominantly among urban heterosexuals. Early recognition is important in preventing progression of the disease and transmission of Treponema pallidum to the fetus. Untreated primary syphilis is characterized by intervals of active disease punctuated by periods of latency. Not...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:American family physician
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
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