Abstract：
:All major health organizations recommend breastfeeding as the optimal source of infant nutrition, with exclusive breastfeeding recommended for the first six months of life. After six months, complementary foods may be introduced. Most organizations recommend breastfeeding for at least one year, and the World Health Organization recommends a minimum of two years. Maternal benefits of breastfeeding include decreased risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, postpartum depression, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Infants who are breastfed have a decreased risk of atopic dermatitis and gastroenteritis, and have a higher IQ later in life. Additional benefits in infants have been noted in observational studies. Clinicians can support postdischarge breastfeeding by assessing milk production and milk transfer; evaluating an infant's latch to the breast; identifying maternal and infant anatomic variations that can lead to pain and poor infant weight gain; knowing the indications for frenotomy; and treating common breastfeeding-related infections, dermatologic conditions, engorgement, and vasospasm. The best way to assess milk supply is by monitoring infant weight and stool output during wellness visits. Proper positioning improves latch and reduces nipple pain. Frenotomy is controversial but may reduce pain in the short term. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends primary care interventions to support breastfeeding and improve breastfeeding rates and duration.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
Westerfield KL,Koenig K,Oh Rsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-09-15 00:00:00pages
368-373issue
6eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650pii
d13788journal_volume
98pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Inflammatory breast cancer is a devastating disease with an extremely high rate of morbidity and mortality. Differentiating this disease from acute mastitis may be difficult on initial diagnosis. The expeditious diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory breast cancer has important ramifications for the patient's prognos...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vitamin D deficiency among hospitalized patients may be more widespread than realized. Vague musculoskeletal complaints in these chronically ill patients may be attributed to multiple underlying disease processes rather than a deficiency in vitamin D. However, the failure to diagnose an underlying deficiency places th...
journal_title：American family physician
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doi：
更新日期：2005-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic pancreatitis is the progressive and permanent destruction of the pancreas resulting in exocrine and endocrine insufficiency and, often, chronic disabling pain. The etiology is multifactorial. Alcoholism plays a significant role in adults, whereas genetic and structural defects predominate in children. The aver...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Successful long-term weight loss maintenance can be achieved by various means. A combination of dietary and physical activity interventions, along with one or more behavioral approaches, has proven successful in some persons, as documented by the National Weight Control Registry, but is limited by adherence to a consi...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2010-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Prisoners in U.S. correctional facilities constitute a unique patient population in need of health services. Physicians who provide medical services to inmates also must interact with prison officials. Drug withdrawal, self-destructive behavior and infectious diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, are...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Urinary tract infections in children are sometimes associated with vesicoureteral reflux, which can lead to renal scarring if it remains unrecognized. Since the risk of renal scarring is greatest in infants, any child who presents with a urinary tract infection prior to toilet training should be evaluated for the pres...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Self-care is becoming increasingly popular among health care consumers. The availability of over-the-counter medications makes it possible for consumers to treat numerous ailments without the supervision of a health care professional. Many of the medications now available without a prescription were previously classif...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Zidovudine is now used extensively in an effort to control infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The drug is associated with major hematologic toxicity, especially anemia and granulocytopenia. Conservative management of hematologic toxicity includes dosage reduction or cessation of therapy, diagnosis ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apophyseal injuries, which are unique in the adolescent athlete, cause inflammation at the site of a major tendinous insertion onto a growing bony prominence. These injuries typically occur in active adolescents between the ages of eight and 15 years and usually present as periarticular pain associated with growth, sk...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myocardial perfusion imaging with stress testing by exercise or pharmacologic methods and functional evaluation of the left ventricle are useful in many patients. Uses include determination of diagnosis and prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease, preoperative evaluation, management and risk stratification ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although early management of children with hearing loss is extremely important, diagnosis is often delayed because the development of hearing-impaired children parallels that of normal infants until the age of nine months. A high-risk registry aids in recognition of hearing-impaired children, but fails to identify tho...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In evaluating recurrent childhood infections, the physician must keep in mind the rarity of true immunodeficiency and the frequency of atopy, day care, exposure to cigarette smoke and anatomic variations as predisposing factors in recurrent childhood illnesses. Determining true immunodeficiency involves exclusion of r...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-11-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Delirium is common in hospitalized older patients and may be a symptom of a medical emergency, such as hypoxia or hypoglycemia. It is characterized by an acute change in cognition and attention, although the symptoms may be subtle and usually fluctuate throughout the day. This heterogeneous syndrome requires prompt re...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microscopic hematuria, a common finding on routine urinalysis of adults, is clinically significant when three to five red blood cells per high-power field are visible. Etiologies of microscopic hematuria range from incidental causes to life-threatening urinary tract neoplasm. The lack of evidence-based imaging guideli...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2006-05-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Atrial fibrillation, a common cardiac arrhythmia, is now recognized as a powerful risk factor for stroke. Previously, atrial fibrillation was thought to predispose persons to stroke only in the presence of rheumatic heart disease with mitral stenosis. The significant impact of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation on stroke...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cystic masses of the neck may represent thyroid, parathyroid, thyroglossal duct or branchial cleft cysts. Analysis of the cyst fluid may establish the etiology. Elevated levels of parathyroid hormone can be found in parathyroid cysts without concomitant hyperparathyroidism. A high concentration of cholesterol without ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Because the prevalence of urinary incontinence increases with age, a working knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of the various types of urinary incontinence is fundamental to the care of women. As the population of the United States ages, primary care physicians can expect to see an increasing number of patients...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has issued recommendations on behavioral counseling to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and recommendations about screening for individual STIs. Clinicians should obtain a sexual history to assess for behaviors that increase a patient's risk. Community and...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：American family physician
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doi：
更新日期：1995-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Arnold-Chiari malformation is a disorder of embryologic development. In Type I, there is cerebellar displacement into the spinal canal, but hydrocephalus and syringomyelia are variable. Type II usually is manifested by severe hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele in infancy. Type I malformations may pose diagnostic chall...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the more commonly used herbal supplements. Although often consumed for culinary purposes, it is taken by many patients to treat a variety of conditions. Ginger has been shown to be effective for pregnancy-induced and postoperative nausea and vomiting. There is less evidence to su...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tay-Sachs disease is a fatal genetic disease affecting Jewish infants of eastern European ancestry. While the disease may go unrecognized until nearly one year of age, death occurs by age three or four. Community screening programs have been organized to detect carriers of this autosomal recessive trait. Prenatal diag...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among newborns. Universal screening for GBS among women at 35 to 37 weeks of gestation is more effective than administration of intrapartum antibiotics based on risk factors. Lower vaginal and rectal cultures for GBS are collected at 35 to 37 we...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
