Abstract:
:Earlier studies report inconsistent associations between education and cognitive aging. We assessed the association, accounting for selective dropout due to death or dementia, and, in a subsample, accounting for confounding by early-life intelligence. Data from the Danish component of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (n = 3,400) were linked to registry data (education records, dementia diagnoses, and mortality) and the Danish Conscription Database (youth intelligence measurements for 854 men). Word recall and verbal fluency were assessed up to 4 times over 10 years (2004-2013) and combined by averaging the z scores. We fitted a joint model linking a time-to-event model for dementia or death to a linear mixed-effects model for cognitive change. Rate of cognitive decline was slower among people with high education compared with low education (β = 0.112, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.056, 0.170). Adjusting for youth intelligence did not attenuate the association between education and cognitive decline (crude β = 0.136, 95% CI: 0.028, 0.244 vs. adjusted β = 0.145, 95% CI: 0.022, 0.269). The results suggest that higher education may slow cognitive decline in later life. In this sample, results changed little when accounting for selective attrition and confounding by intelligence.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Foverskov E,Glymour MM,Mortensen EL,Holm A,Lange T,Lund Rdoi
10.1093/aje/kwy162subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-11-01 00:00:00pages
2423-2430issue
11eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256pii
5067622journal_volume
187pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Normal renal function is essential for vitamin D metabolism, but it is unclear whether circulating vitamin D is associated with risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We assessed whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) was associated with risk of RCC and death after RCC diagnosis in the European Prospective Investigation...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwu204
更新日期:2014-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::The return of fertility for women who discontinue oral contraceptives takes longer as compared with women who discontinue other methods of contraception. It remains unclear, however, whether subsequent fertility differs according to duration or age at first use. The authors performed a nested case-control study within...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009261
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A recent article by Little et al. (Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:544-54) reported that infants in Seattle, Washington, who were breastfed by mothers who smoked gained more weight than either infants who were breastfed by mothers who did not smoke or infants who were bottle-fed by mothers who smoked. In this study, the autho...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009423
更新日期:1998-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::The numbers of international collaborations among birth cohort studies designed to better understand asthma and allergies have increased in the last several years. However, differences in definitions and methods preclude direct pooling of original data on individual participants. As part of the Mechanisms of the Devel...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwy242
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies have suggested an increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other motor neuron diseases for persons in occupations commonly involving exposure to diesel exhaust (DE). In this study, we investigated the association between occupational exposure to DE and odds of ALS. ALS cases were iden...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwy069
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mortality assessment in cohorts with high lost to follow-up (LTFU) is challenging in settings with limited civil registration systems. We aimed to assess mortality in a clinical cohort (KIULARCO) of HIV-infected persons in rural Tanzania, accounting for unseen deaths among participants LTFU. We included adults enrolle...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa176
更新日期:2020-09-05 00:00:00
abstract::To evaluate strategies used to select cases and controls and how reported odds ratios are interpreted, the authors examined 150 case-control studies published in leading general medicine, epidemiology, and clinical specialist journals from 2001 to 2007. Most of the studies (125/150; 83%) were based on incident cases; ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwn217
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity (body mass index >or=30 kg/m(2)) is a growing urban health concern, but few studies have examined whether, how, or why obesity prevalence has changed over time within cities. This study characterized the individual- and neighborhood-level determinants and distribution of obesity in New York City from 2003 to 2...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwp458
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Regression equations, based on scutal index (body length/scutal width), were developed to determine the duration of attachment for nymphal and adult female lxodes scapularis ticks. Feeding times were calculated for 444 nymphal and 300 female ticks submitted by bite victims between 1985 and 1989 in Westchester County, ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008728
更新日期:1996-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Production of synthetic rubber involves exposure to several potentially harmful chemicals. The authors carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of workers in the rubber-producing industry. Data were obtained from computerized literature searches of several databases from their inception thro...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1093/aje/kwj252
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Limited data are available on cognitive performance in populations of intravenous drug users during the early, asymptomatic stages of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Between 1988 and 1990, 151 participants from the AIDS Link to Intravenous Experience (ALIVE) Study in Baltimore, Maryland, were ev...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116446
更新日期:1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this study was to assess the validity of prevalent and incident self-reported diabetes compared with multiple reference definitions and to assess the reliability (repeatability) of a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes. Data from 10,321 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) St...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/aje/kws156
更新日期:2012-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Reasons for health disparities may include neighborhood-level factors, such as availability of health services, social norms, and environmental determinants, as well as individual-level factors. Investigating health inequalities using nationally or locally representative data often requires an approach that can accomm...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwu040
更新日期:2014-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::The receiver operating characteristic curve is a commonly used tool for evaluating biomarker usefulness in clinical diagnosis of disease. Frequently, biomarkers being assessed have immeasurable or unreportable samples below some limit of detection. Ignoring observations below the limit of detection leads to negatively...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwk011
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Skin lesions are classic clinical signs of toxicity due to long-term exposure to arsenic, and they are considered precursors to arsenic-related skin cancer. The authors prospectively evaluated synergisms between effects of arsenic exposure and those of tobacco use, sun exposure, and pesticide and fertilizer use on inc...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwq357
更新日期:2011-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::The problem of recall bias when reporting breast feeding duration is investigated. Data are presented from the follow-up of over 1,000 children from a birth cohort (1982) in southern Brazil, when they were on average 11, 23, and 47 months of age. Compared with the response given at 11 months of age, 24% of mothers mis...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115693
更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Longitudinal observational data are required to assess the association between exposure to β-interferon medications and disease progression among relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in the "real-world" clinical practice setting. Marginal structural Cox models (MSCMs) can provide distinct advantages ov...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwu125
更新日期:2014-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Anthropometric characteristics, physical activity, and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, its subtypes, and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) were evaluated in a prospective cohort study of 37,931 Iowa women who were aged 55-69 years at baseline in 1986. Through 1998, 261 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (137 di...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwf082
更新日期:2002-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::The hypothesis that a low educational level increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease remains controversial. The authors studied the association of years of schooling with the risk for incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease by using pooled data from four European population-based follow-up studies. Dementia cases ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010149
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relation between death from acute myocardial infarction and the level of magnesium in drinking water was examined using mortality registers and a case-control design. The study area comprised 17 municipalities in the southern part of Sweden that have different magnesium levels in the drinking water. Cases were men...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008765
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza is a significant problem within hospitals, leading to extended hospital stays, excess morbidity and mortality, and economic loss. Prevention and control strategies are generally "bundled"; therefore, the individual effects of particular strategies and the value of combined strategies cannot be determined dir...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwv293
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several investigators have documented the effect of temperature on mortality, although fewer have studied its impact on morbidity. In addition, little is known about the effectiveness of mitigation strategies such as use of air conditioners (ACs). The authors investigated the association between temperature and hospit...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwq231
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Experiences of discrimination are associated with increased risk of adverse health outcomes; however, it is unknown whether discrimination is related to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetes). We investigated the associations of major experiences of discrimination (unfair treatment in 6 situations) and everyday ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwx047
更新日期:2017-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::Leptin is an important regulator of the mass of adipose tissue and of body weight; it operates by inhibiting food intake and stimulating energy expenditure. Some polymorphic genes involved in the regulation of leptin-the leptin gene (LEP A19G), the leptin receptor gene (LEPR Q223R, K109R, and K656N), and the peroxisom...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1093/aje/kwi174
更新日期:2005-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Several groups of variola isolates were compared in DNA structure, and by four independent biologic markers. Isolates of variola minor from Europe and South America (alastrim virus) could be distinguished from African isolates of variola minor by DNA structure and by two of the four biologic markers. Taken as a group,...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114255
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::State Medicaid programs collectively cover more than 70 million people, and are the largest single payer for pregnancy and delivery in the United States. In this issue, Margerison et al. (Am J Epidemiol. XXXX;XXX(XX):XXXX-XXXX) investigate the extent to which Medicaid expansions to non-pregnant low-income adults under...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa290
更新日期:2021-01-11 00:00:00
abstract::The involvement of organophosphate insecticides in cognitive disorders is supported by epidemiologic and biological evidence, but the effects of long-term exposure remain debated. We studied the association between organophosphate exposure and cognitive performance in vine workers from the PHYTONER study cohort in the...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kws346
更新日期:2013-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::In the Nepal Blindness Survey, 39,887 people in 105 sites were examined by 10 ophthalmologists from Nepal and four other countries during 1981. Ophthalmic protocols were pretested on approximately 3000 subjects; however, interobserver variability was inevitable. To quantify the amount of variability and assess the rel...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113633
更新日期:1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This case-control study evaluated the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer associated with genital exposure to various forms of powder application. Cases included all women aged 20-79 years in three counties of western Washington who were diagnosed with borderline or invasive ovarian cancer from 1986 through 1988; 64.3% ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009128
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The results of most case-control studies have suggested a positive association between eating frequency and colorectal cancer risk. Because no prospective cohort studies have done so to date, the authors prospectively examined this association. In 1992, eating frequency was assessed in a cohort of 34,968 US men in the...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwr363
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00