Abstract:
:The hypothesis that a low educational level increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease remains controversial. The authors studied the association of years of schooling with the risk for incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease by using pooled data from four European population-based follow-up studies. Dementia cases were identified in a two-stage procedure that included a detailed diagnostic assessment of screen-positive subjects. Dementia and Alzheimer's disease were diagnosed by using international research criteria. Educational level was categorized by years of schooling as low (< or =7), middle (8-11), or high (> or =12). Relative risks (95% confidence intervals) were estimated by using Poisson regression, adjusting for age, sex, study center, smoking status, and self-reported myocardial infarction and stroke. There were 493 (328) incident cases of dementia (Alzheimer's disease) and 28,061 (27,839) person-years of follow-up. Compared with women with a high level of education, those with low and middle levels of education had 4.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.5, 11.9) and 2.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.0, 7.1) times increased risks, respectively, for Alzheimer's disease. The risk estimates for men were close to 1.0. Finding an association of education with Alzheimer's disease for women only raises the possibility that unmeasured confounding explains the previously reported increased risk for Alzheimer's disease for persons with low levels of education.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Letenneur L,Launer LJ,Andersen K,Dewey ME,Ott A,Copeland JR,Dartigues JF,Kragh-Sorensen P,Baldereschi M,Brayne C,Lobo A,Martinez-Lage JM,Stijnen T,Hofman Adoi
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010149subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-06-01 00:00:00pages
1064-71issue
11eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256journal_volume
151pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Skin lesions are classic clinical signs of toxicity due to long-term exposure to arsenic, and they are considered precursors to arsenic-related skin cancer. The authors prospectively evaluated synergisms between effects of arsenic exposure and those of tobacco use, sun exposure, and pesticide and fertilizer use on inc...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwq357
更新日期:2011-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::According to antibody analysis, approximately two of every three intravenous drug users in Iceland have become infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). In this study, serum samples from 55 HCV antibody-positive intravenous drug users (39 males and 16 females) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, and the viral str...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008793
更新日期:1996-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::Few studies have determined risk factors for diarrheal deaths in developing areas. The Ministry of Health of Lesotho, southern Africa, reported that 9.5% of children under five years of age who were hospitalized for diarrhea in 1984 died. Of 104 children under five years of age who died during hospitalization for diar...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115085
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::An industry-wide mortality study on the association between lung cancer and occupational exposure to cobalt and tungsten carbide was carried out in the French hard-metal industry. This case-control study was nested in the historical cohort of workers ever employed in this industry's 10 facilities, most of which are lo...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009631
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The involvement of organophosphate insecticides in cognitive disorders is supported by epidemiologic and biological evidence, but the effects of long-term exposure remain debated. We studied the association between organophosphate exposure and cognitive performance in vine workers from the PHYTONER study cohort in the...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kws346
更新日期:2013-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::Longitudinal observational data are required to assess the association between exposure to β-interferon medications and disease progression among relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in the "real-world" clinical practice setting. Marginal structural Cox models (MSCMs) can provide distinct advantages ov...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwu125
更新日期:2014-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Anal cancer has been hypothesized to be associated with a sexually transmitted agent and, more recently, with the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The authors used a descriptive incidence study to evaluate these hypotheses based on US data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) prog...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117073
更新日期:1994-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Racial and ethnic differences in associations between socioeconomic position (SEP) and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were investigated using data from population-based cancer registries in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program in the United States. The study included 8,383 ALL ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kww164
更新日期:2017-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::Risk factors for fibroadenoma were examined in a case-control study involving 117 fibroadenoma cases ascertained by a major private pathology laboratory in Adelaide, Australia, between January 1983 and October 1985. For each case a population control was randomly selected from the electoral roll in Adelaide and matche...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116278
更新日期:1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Determining an accurate method of obtaining complete morbidity data is a long-standing challenge for epidemiologists. The authors compared the accuracy and completeness of existing California hospital discharge data with self-reports of recent hospitalizations and surgeries from participants in the California Teachers...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwg256
更新日期:2003-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Raised blood pressure is the strongest single risk factor for stroke in the general population. Diabetics are at increased risk of both hypertension and stroke. It is not clear if diabetes mellitus confers an excess risk of stroke that is independent of blood pressure. The authors examined the relation of diabetic sta...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114934
更新日期:1988-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Emergency medical services with advanced life support systems were implemented in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, area in the mid-1970s. To assess the impact of emergency medical services on coronary heart disease mortality, the authors reviewed ambulance records and hospital emergency room logs for possible out-...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116160
更新日期:1991-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Contemporary searches for new risk factors frequently involve genome-wide explorations of very large numbers of candidate risk variants. Given that diseases can often be classified into subtypes that possess evidence of etiologic heterogeneity, the question arises as to whether or not a search for new risk factors wou...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kws128
更新日期:2012-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::The random-zero and standard mercury sphygmomanometers are used frequently, and sometimes interchangeably, in epidemiologic studies. To determine whether there is a systematic difference between them, the authors measured systolic, fourth-phase, and fifth-phase diastolic blood pressures using both sphygmomanometers si...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113998
更新日期:1985-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Air Pollution and Health: a European Approach (APHEA) project is a coordinated study of the short-term effects of air pollution on mortality and hospital admissions using data from 15 European cities, with a wide range of geographic, sociodemographic, climatic, and air quality patterns. The objective of this paper...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009249
更新日期:1997-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::As a scientific discipline, epidemiology has helped liberate the practice of public health and medicine from dogmatic thinking over the past century. This commentary highlights some integrating principles to explain why epidemiology is a problem-solving discipline. The first of these is that epidemiology is an informa...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwn311
更新日期:2009-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::The self-controlled tree-temporal scan statistic-a new signal-detection method-can evaluate whether any of a wide variety of health outcomes are temporally associated with receipt of a specific vaccine, while adjusting for multiple testing. Neither health outcomes nor postvaccination potential periods of increased ris...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwy023
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seventh-Day Adventists in Tromsø showed a coronary risk factor pattern similar to Seventh-Day Adventists in other parts of the world. Compared with non-Seventh-Day Adventists, serum cholesterol was 1.35 mmol/liter (1974) and 0.83 mmol/liter (1979-1980) lower in males and 0.64 mmol/liter (1979-1980) lower in females. B...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114162
更新日期:1985-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza epidemics exhibit a strongly seasonal pattern, with winter peaks that occur with similar timing across temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. This synchrony could be influenced by population movements, environmental factors, host immunity, and viral characteristics. The historical isolation of Iceland a...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kws140
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Differences in hygienic habits and base-line secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A which might have contributed to the prevalence of skin infections and/or absence of increased serum IgA values were sought in patients with poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (nephritis) in contrast to patients with acute rheumatic fe...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113382
更新日期:1982-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::To examine sex-specific risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 seroconversion among intravenous drug users, the authors conducted a nested case-control study in Baltimore, Maryland, from 1988 to 1992 comparing 146 seroconverters and 539 HIV seronegative controls. Controls were matched on sex, race,...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116750
更新日期:1993-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::On November 7, 1985, a Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis outbreak occurred in approximately 44% of the 1,362 employees at a Connecticut factory. Although the same foods were served to all three shifts at an employee banquet on November 6, the attack rate was almost twice as high for those who ate on the day shif...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114836
更新日期:1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors compared US motor vehicle and motorcycle mortality rates during periods when each of several alcohol-related laws were in effect with mortality rates during other periods. During the period 1980-1997, there were 792,184 deaths due to motor vehicle crashes and 63,052 deaths due to motorcycle crashes. An est...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwf186
更新日期:2003-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Unbiased estimation of causal parameters from marginal structural models (MSMs) requires a fundamental assumption of no unmeasured confounding. Unfortunately, the time-varying covariates used to obtain inverse probability weights are often error-prone. Although substantial measurement error in important confounders is...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kww068
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Planners of several large prevention trials have overestimated the expected incidence of events in the control group, largely because they failed either to recognize or to adequately correct for various effects of population selection. Consequently, the studies have been too small in size or too short in duration to a...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116739
更新日期:1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prospective epidemiologic data on the association between vitamin D and mortality are limited, particularly in Asian populations. Among subjects in Linxian, China, the authors aimed to test whether baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in a prospective cohort were associated with all-cause mortal...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/aje/kws285
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Estimating risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) for patients with unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the natural course is essential for assessing risks and benefits of treatment. Traditionally, the survival period starts at the time of diagnosis and ends at ICH, but most patients are quickly cens...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwq082
更新日期:2010-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::Androgens have an extensive influence on brain development in regions of the brain that are relevant for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet their etiological involvement remains unclear. Hypospadias (abnormal positioning of the urethral opening) and cryptorchidism (undescended testes) are 2 relatively common male bir...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwx367
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors conducted a detailed review of studies on the association between prostate cancer and total dietary fat along with specific fatty acids. Overall, the 29 studies reporting actual dietary fat levels in grams of fat were heterogeneous, suggesting that pooling of the relative risks may be inappropriate. Hetero...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1093/aje/kwh243
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing evidence suggests that maternal stress during pregnancy may influence pregnancy outcomes. In a nationwide Swedish study including almost 3 million births taking place during 1973-2006, we investigated whether maternal bereavement during pregnancy is associated with stillbirth risk. Through individual record...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kws383
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00