Abstract：
:The International Paralympic Committee has directed International Federations that govern Para sports to develop evidence-based classification systems. This study defined the impact of limb deficiency impairment on 100 m freestyle performance to guide an evidence-based classification system in Para Swimming, which will be implemented following the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic games. Impairment data and competitive race performances of 90 international swimmers with limb deficiency were collected. Ensemble partial least squares regression established the relationship between relative limb length measures and competitive 100 m freestyle performance. The model explained 80% of the variance in 100 m freestyle performance and found hand length and forearm length to be the most important predictors of performance. Based on the results of this model, Para swimmers were clustered into four-, five-, six-, and seven-class structures using nonparametric kernel density estimations. The validity of these classification structures, and effectiveness against the current classification system, were examined by establishing within-class variations in 100 m freestyle performance and differences between adjacent classes. The derived classification structures were found to be more effective than current classification based on these criteria. This study provides a novel method that can be used to improve the objectivity and transparency of decision-making in Para sport classification. Expert consensus from experienced coaches, Para swimmers, classifiers, and sport science and medicine personnel will benefit the translation of these findings into a revised classification system that is accepted by the Para swimming community.
journal_name
Scand J Med Sci Sportsjournal_title
Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sportsauthors
Hogarth L,Payton C,Van de Vliet P,Connick M,Burkett Bdoi
10.1111/sms.13229subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-11-01 00:00:00pages
2397-2406issue
11eissn
0905-7188issn
1600-0838journal_volume
28pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:We examined the effect of curcumin (CUR) ingestion before or after exercise on changes in muscle damage and inflammatory responses after exercise. We conducted two parallel experiments with different CUR ingestion timings using a double-blind crossover. In Exp. 1, ten healthy men ingested 180 mg d-1 of CUR or placebo ...
journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Few studies have examined the possibility that pre- and post-natal factors may be non-linearly associated with later physical activity. We used data from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort study (MoBa) and the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN), including 48 672 children with available data on leisure ...
journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/sms.13781
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:This study examined the association of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with the risk of long-term sickness absence (LTSA). METHODS:A total of 10 427 subjects from the general working population in Denmark answered questions about physical activity habits, health and work environment in the 2010 Danish...
journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
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doi：10.1111/sms.13629
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/sms.12586
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00462.x
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abstract：:Mechanical loading of the Achilles tendon during isolated eccentric contractions could induce immediate and region-dependent changes in mechanical properties. Three-dimensional ultrasound was used to examine the immediate effect of isolated eccentric exercise on the mechanical properties of the distal (free tendon) an...
journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/sms.12466
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
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doi：10.1034/j.1600-0838.2000.010002098.x
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00756.x
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00066.x
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The involvement of quadriceps femoris muscle portions and fibre type recruitment was studied during submaximal knee-extensor exercise without and with thigh occlusion (OCC) and compared with responses during intense exercise. Six healthy male subjects performed 90-s of moderate exercise without (MOD; 29+/-4 W) and wit...
journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00801.x
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01085.x
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00477.x
更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00570.x
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.377.x
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/sms.12439
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00996.x
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-0838.2000.010006332.x
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/sms.13807
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/sms.13239
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/sms.12722
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a prospective, randomised, multicentre study, 112 patients with Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) were allocated to surgical treatment (n=59), followed by early functional rehabilitation using a brace, and non-surgical treatment (n=53), i.e. eight weeks of plaster treatment. In this study, the results of the isokinetic...
journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
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更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this study is to investigate the potentially opposing influence of qualitative and quantitative muscular adaptations in response to high-intensity resistance training on contractile rate of force development (RFD) in the early (<100 ms) and later phases (>200 ms) of rising muscle force. Fifteen health...
journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00933.x
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study examined if an elevated nitrate intake would improve VO(2) kinetics, endurance, and repeated sprint capacity in elite endurance athletes. Ten highly trained cyclists (72 ± 4 mL O(2) /kg/min, mean ± standard deviation) underwent testing for VO(2) kinetics (3 × 6 min at 298 ± 28 W), endurance (120 min ...
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pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1111/sms.12005
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of the Odense training studies is to elucidate if regular physical training influences the expected decline in physical functional ability in order to assess capacity for postponing dependence in old age. All participants were healthy community-dwelling women representing three different age-cohorts of 65, 75 ...
journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.00302.x
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To determine whether interrupting prolonged sitting with three different activity breaks has both acute and chronic effects on postprandial lipid metabolism immediately after the activity-break period and on the following day, this study is a secondary analysis of an experimental research, which included 16 sedentary ...
journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/sms.13886
更新日期：2020-11-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Real-time biofeedback gait retraining has been reported to be an effective intervention to lower the impact loading during gait. While many of the previous gait retraining studies have utilized a laboratory-based setup, some studies used accelerometers affixed at the distal tibia to allow training outside the laborato...
journal_title：Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/sms.13396
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
