Background activities, induction, and behavioral allocation in operant performance.

abstract：:Operant conditioning techniques were applied to the study of how target fixations are controlled by the probability of signal occurrence. In a standard vigilance setting, gaze at three illuminable volt meters was monitored by a Mackworth television eye camera with automatic recording capability. Gaze at a given meter ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Rosenberger PB

更新日期：1973-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three rats were exposed to a second-order schedule in which fixed-interval components ended either with food or with a brief stimulus that was never paired with food. Food and the brief stimulus occurred in a random sequence (variable-ratio 2 overall schedule). Another three rats were exposed to a similar second-order...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Corfield-Sumner PK,Blackman DE,Stainer G

更新日期：1977-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Traditionally, behavior analysts have studied stimulus equivalence using a matching-to-sample (MTS) preparation. Although researchers have shown the utility of MTS to yield equivalence classes, the procedure requires several prerequisite skills for a learner to accurately respond. Previous research with humans and non...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lantaya CA,Miguel CF,Howland TG,LaFrance DL,Page SV

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A paradigm for the control of visual fixation of the macaque monkey in vision experiments was described. Using a Maxwellian view, the procedure permits the placement of discrete test-light stimuli in a specific area of the retina as the monkey fixates a primary target. This procedure holds foveal fixation as other beh...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Crawford ML

更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When humans predict criterion events based on probabilistic predictors, they often lend excessive weight to the predictor and insufficient weight to the base rate of the criterion event. In an operant analysis, using a matching-to-sample paradigm, Goodie and Fantino (1996) showed that humans exhibit base-rate neglect ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Kutzner F,Freytag P,Vogel T,Fiedler K

更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments examined the influence of a brief stimulus (a light) on the behavior of food-deprived rats whose lever pressing on tandem schedules comprising components of different schedule types resulted in food presentation. In Experiment 1, either a tandem variable-ratio variable-interval or a tandem variable-i...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Reed P

更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were trained to peck keys on fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules of food reinforcement. Both schedules produced a pattern of behavior characterized as pause and run, but the relation of pausing to time between reinforcers differed for the two schedules even when mean time between reinforcers was the same....

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Capehart GW,Eckerman DA,Guilkey M,Shull RL

更新日期：1980-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four studies were conducted to investigate the source of reinforcement of Sidman avoidance. First it was found that the acquisition of avoidance was seriously impaired if there was no immediate stimulus consequence of responding, i.e., proprioceptive and auditory feedback. The second study showed that if the shock-sho...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： BOLLES RC,POPP RJ Jr

更新日期：1964-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When a number of two-stimulus relations are established through training within a set of stimuli, other two-stimulus relations often emerge in the same set without direct training. These, termed "transitive stimulus relations," have been demonstrated with a variety of visual and auditory stimuli. The phenomenon has se...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Fields L,Verhave T,Fath S

更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Six pigeons were trained on concurrent variable-interval schedules in which responding on fixed-interval schedules was required to give access to the alternate schedule. Responding on the concurrent schedules was not allowed, after changing over had commenced, until the changeover schedule had been completed. In Parts...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Davison M

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Emerging evidence suggests that nicotine may enhance short-term memory. Some of this evidence comes from nonhuman primate research using a procedure called delayed matching-to-sample, wherein the monkey is trained to select a comparison stimulus that matches some physical property of a previously presented sample stim...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Kangas BD,Branch MN

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Experiment 1 investigated whether training subjects to read words aloud would induce correct written spelling of the words even though spelling had no experimental consequences. Training in reading was followed by a weak increment in correct spelling. Experiment 2 investigated whether overtraining in reading would imp...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lee VL,Pegler AM

更新日期：1982-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four pigeons were trained to respond on one of two keys in the presence of one color-form display, and on the other key when a second color-form display was present. Both responses were maintained on a 2-min variable-internal schedule of reinforcement. Subsequently, stimulus control acquired by components of the compo...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Born DG,Peterson JL

更新日期：1969-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Treatments based on differential reinforcement of alternative behavior, such as functional communication training, are widely used. Research regarding the maintenance of related treatment effects is limited. Nevin and Wacker (2013) provided a conceptual framework, rooted in behavioral momentum theory, for the study of...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Ringdahl JE,Berg WK,Wacker DP,Crook K,Molony MA,Vargo KK,Neurnberger JE,Zabala K,Taylor CJ

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were trained to peck with differing force requirements on a key specially designed to measure and control force of pecking without changes in the mechanical threshold. Following training on a key illuminated by a single wavelength, a generalization test was given. Force and rate gradients were obtained. Force ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： COLE JL

更新日期：1965-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eight rats' lever presses were reinforced after an interruption in a tone, provided the lever had not been pressed before the tone interruption. After a few sessions, long before the animals reliably refrained from lever pressing before the interruption, the latencies of postinterruption presses (time from the termina...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Eisler H

更新日期：1984-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments compared the amounts of behavioral variability generated with two reinforcement rules. In Experiments 1 and 2 pigeons received food whenever they generated a sequence of eight pecks, distributed over two keys, provided that the sequence contained a certain number of change-overs between the keys. Alt...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Machado A

更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Key-pecking responses of a pigeon were maintained by a variable-interval schedule of food reinforcement. The responses were suppressed during the occasional presentation of a warning stimulus paired with electric shock. The presence of a second pigeon emitting the same response for food reinforcement reduced the suppr...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Hake DF,Laws DR

更新日期：1967-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of an imperfect substitute for food on demand for food in a closed economy. In Experiments 1 and 2, rats pressed a lever for their entire daily food ration, and a fixed ratio of presses was required for each food pellet. In both experiments, the fixed ratio was held...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bauman RA,Raslear TG,Hursh SR,Shurtleff D,Simmons L

更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The performance of rats trained on multiple variable-interval schedules was examined before, during, and after punishment. The same linear function related relative response rates to relative density of reinforcement both in the presence and absence of punishment. Equal relative suppression was seen in both the high a...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Tullis C,Walters G

更新日期：1968-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons acquired discriminated key pecking between 528- and 540-nm stimuli by either a response-reinforcer (operant group) or a stimulus-reinforcer (autoshaped group) contingency, with other training-schedule parameters comparable over groups. For the birds in the operant group, key pecks intermittently produced grain...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Weiss SJ,Weissman RD

更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons and other animals sometimes deviate from optimal choice behavior when given informative signals for delayed outcomes. For example, when pigeons are given a choice between an alternative that always leads to food after a delay and an alternative that leads to food only half of the time after a delay, preference...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McDevitt MA,Dunn RM,Spetch ML,Ludvig EA

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When either a timeout period (darkening the response key) or a blackout period (darkening both chamber and response key) was alternated with a stimulus associated with variable-interval reinforcement, behavioral contrast was obtained. Either peck contrast or maintained contrast occurred, depending on whether or not re...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Sadowsky S

更新日期：1973-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Twelve preschool children participated in a study of the effects of explicit training on the imitation of modeled behavior. The responses trained involved a marble-dropping pattern that differed from the modeled pattern. Training consisted of physical prompts and verbal praise during a single session. No prompts or pr...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bondy AS

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Basic research with pigeons on behavioral momentum suggests that differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) can increase the resistance of target behavior to change. This finding suggests that clinical applications of DRA may inadvertently increase the persistence of target behavior even as it decreases ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mace FC,McComas JJ,Mauro BC,Progar PR,Taylor B,Ervin R,Zangrillo AN

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons produced a stimulus change either by responding or by not responding for a specified time period (by pausing). They then had to choose between two responses to obtain food. One choice was correct if the first component had been completed by a response; the other was correct if the component had been completed ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zeiler MD,Solano JM

更新日期：1982-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Optimal decision criterion placement maximizes expected reward and requires sensitivity to the category base rates (prior probabilities) and payoffs (costs and benefits of incorrect and correct responding). When base rates are unequal, human decision criterion is nearly optimal, but when payoffs are unequal, suboptima...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Maddox WT

更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The acquisition of lever pressing by rats and the occurrence of unreinforced presses at a location different from that of the reinforced response were studied using different delays of reinforcement. An experimental chamber containing seven identical adjoining levers was used. Only presses on the central (operative) l...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Escobar R,Bruner CA

更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments examined the effect of food availability on pigeons' choice behavior under concurrent schedules of reinforcement. In Experiment 1, 3 pigeons earned their daily food ration by choosing, in 30-min sessions, between concurrent variable-ratio 30 variable-interval 40-s schedules. Food presentations during...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Shurtleff D,Silberberg A

更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effects of patch encounter rate on patch choice and meal patterns were studied in rats foraging in a laboratory environment offering two patch types that were encountered sequentially and randomly. The cost of procuring access to one patch was greater than the other. Patches were either encountered equally often o...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Collier G,Johnson DF,Berman J

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00