Abstract：
:Primate eyes display considerable oblique off-axis astigmatism which could provide information on the sign of defocus that is needed for emmetropization. The pattern of peripheral astigmatism is not known in the chicken eye, a common model of myopia. Peripheral astigmatism was mapped out over the horizontal visual field in three chickens, 43 days old, and in three near emmetropic human subjects, average age 34.7years, using infrared photoretinoscopy. There were no differences in astigmatism between humans and chickens in the central visual field (chicks -0.35D, humans -0.65D, n.s.) but large differences in the periphery (i.e. astigmatism at 40° in the temporal visual field: humans -4.21D, chicks -0.63D, p<0.001, unpaired t-test). The lack of peripheral astigmatism in chicks was not due to differences in corneal shape. Perhaps related to their superior peripheral optics, we found that chickens had excellent visual performance also in the far periphery. Using an automated optokinetic nystagmus paradigm, no difference was observed in spatial visual performance with vision restricted to either the central 67° of the visual field or to the periphery beyond 67°. Accommodation was elicited by stimuli presented far out in the visual field. Transscleral images of single infrared LEDs showed no sign of peripheral astigmatism. The chick may be the first terrestrial vertebrate described to lack oblique astigmatism. Since corneal shape cannot account for the difference in astigmatism in humans and chicks, it must trace back to the design of the crystalline lens. The lack of peripheral astigmatism in chicks also excludes a role in emmetropization.
journal_name
Vision Resjournal_title
Vision researchauthors
Maier FM,Howland HC,Ohlendorf A,Wahl S,Schaeffel Fdoi
10.1016/j.visres.2015.02.002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-04-01 00:00:00pages
68-76issue
Pt Aeissn
0042-6989issn
1878-5646pii
S0042-6989(15)00043-7journal_volume
109pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
VISION RESEARCH文献大全abstract：:Saccadic and manual responses were used to investigate the speed of discrimination between happy and non-happy facial expressions in two-alternative-forced-choice tasks. The minimum latencies of correct saccadic responses indicated that the earliest time point at which discrimination occurred ranged between 200 and 28...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2011.06.001
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two experiments investigated modulatory effects of a surround upon the perceived speed of a moving central region. Both the surround's depth and velocity (relative to the center) were manipulated. The abilities of younger observers (mean age was 23.1 years) were evaluated in Experiment 1, while Experiment 2 was devote...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2009.10.009
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Learning to read is extremely difficult for about 10% of children across cultures because they are affected by developmental dyslexia (DD). According to the dominant view, DD is considered an auditory-phonological processing deficit. However, accumulating evidence from developmental and clinical vision science, sugges...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2013.11.011
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Five experiments explored short-term memory and incidental learning for random visual spatio-temporal sequences. In each experiment, human observers saw samples of 8 Hz temporally-modulated 1D or 2D contrast noise sequences whose members were either uncorrelated across an entire 1-s long stimulus sequence, or comprise...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2013.09.005
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a figure identification task, we investigated the influence of different visual cue configurations (spatial frequency, orientation or a combination of both) on the human EEG. Combining psychophysics with ERP and time-frequency analysis, we show that the neural response at about 200ms reflects perceptual saliency ra...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2009.12.013
更新日期：2010-03-05 00:00:00
abstract：:It was hypothesized that egg-laying Papilio butterflies could use polarizational colours as a cue to detect leaf orientation and to discriminate between shiny and matt leaves. These hypotheses would be supported if the following general questions were answered positively: (1) Can surface orientation be unambiguously c...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2004.05.004
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Observers viewed 200 msec presentations of gratings containing first (0.5 c/deg) and third (1.5 c/deg) harmonic components. The phase of the third harmonic and the absolute position of the grating on the screen varied randomly from trial to trial. Classification of the phase relation (0, 90, 180 or 270 deg was 99% per...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0042-6989(84)90157-3
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Motion perception influences perceived position. It has been shown that first-order (luminance defined) motion shifts perceived position across a wide range of spatial and temporal frequencies. On the other hand, second-order (contrast defined) motion shifts perceived position over a narrow range of temporal frequenci...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2008.07.001
更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to identify faces is of critical importance for normal social interactions. Previous evidence suggests that early visual deprivation may impair certain aspects of face recognition. The effects of strabismic amblyopia on face processing have not been investigated previously. In this study, a group of indivi...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2013.01.007
更新日期：2013-03-22 00:00:00
abstract：:The intention of this series of experiments was to determine the extent to which the pathways sensitive to first-order and second-order motion are independent of one another at, and above, the level of global motion integration. We used translational, radial and rotational motion stimuli containing luminance-modulated...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2012.07.004
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The optimal viewing position phenomenon discovered by (O'Regan, J. K., Lévy-Schoen, A., Pynte, J., Brugaillère, B. (1984). Convenient fixation location within isolated words of different length and structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and performance. 10 (2), 250-257) is characterized by a m...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0042-6989(98)00203-x
更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although pictorial illusions have been used to study perception for a long time, the effects of such displays on the visual control of actions has recently been the matter of some debate. Evidence from a re-analysis of an earlier study is presented that suggests pictorial displays can exert opposite effects on percept...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00056-0
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We compared a human observer's ability to locate the focus of expansion (FOE) of a radial optic flow field when this flow field was either combined with, or overlapped by, planar motion. With combined stimuli, in which the FOE was displaced in the direction opposite to the planar motion, subjects accurately located th...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0042-6989(93)90141-i
更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The flash-lag effect (FLE) is defined as an error in localization that consists of perceiving a flashed object to lag behind a moving one when both are presented in physical alignment. Previous studies have addressed the question if it is the predictability of the flash, or the moving object, that modulates the amount...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2005.11.016
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Properties of presumed mechanisms controlling photoreceptor alignments are partially defined. A phototropic mechanism normally dominates alignment, but do modest changes in orientations occur with dark patching? Here, new photopic Stiles-Crawford (SCE-I) determinations were made before patching (pre-patch), just after...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00228-5
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reaching is an important and early emerging motor skill that allows infants to interact with the physical and social world. However, few studies have considered how reaching experiences shape infants' own motor development and their perception of actions performed by others. In the current study, two groups of infants...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2010.09.001
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Retinal amacrine cells (ACs) and ganglion cells (GCs) have been shown to display large morphological diversity, and here we show that four types of ACs and three types of GCs exhibit physiologically-distinguishable properties. They are the sustained ON ACs; sustained OFF ACs; transient ON-OFF ACs; transient ON-OFF ACs...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2010.01.009
更新日期：2010-03-17 00:00:00
abstract：:With luminance gratings, psychophysical thresholds for detecting a small increase in the contrast of a weak 'pedestal' grating are 2-3 times lower than for detection of a grating when the pedestal is absent. This is the 'dipper effect'--a reliable improvement whose interpretation remains controversial. Analogies betwe...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2008.07.009
更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The perception of blackness was investigated by measuring spectral efficiency and field additivity under conditions of temporal induction. For both purposes, observers foveally viewed a 0.75 deg, inducing stimulus for 5 sec followed immediately (or 200 msec later) by a broadband (5500 K) reference stimulus of the same...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0042-6989(89)90197-1
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exogenous covert attention is an automatic, transient form of attention that can be triggered by sudden changes in the periphery. Here we test for the effects of attention on color perception. We used the methodology developed by Carrasco, Ling, and Read [Carrasco, M., Ling, S., & Read, S. (2004). Attention alters app...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2006.07.014
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Spatial interactions among orientation-tuned gain control processes are presumed to mediate center-surround contrast-contrast phenomena. In this paper, we assess contributions of gain control processes that pool over orientation. We measured the apparent contrast of a luminance-modulated center disk embedded in variou...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00131-5
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In most visual search experiments in the laboratory, objects are presented on an isolated, blank background. In most real world search tasks, however, the background is continuous and can be complex. In six experiments, we examine the ability of the visual system to separate search items from a background. The results...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00388-7
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Contributions to the multifocal electroretinogram (ERG) from the inner retina (i.e. ganglion and amacrine cells) were identified by recording from monkeys before and after intravitreal injections of n-methyl DL aspartate (NMDLA) and/or tetrodotoxin (TTX). Components similar in waveform to those removed by the drugs we...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0042-6989(98)00296-x
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We compared the effectiveness of central and peripheral targets in a saccadic countermanding task. Stop-signal reaction times (SSRTs) do not differ significantly for central and peripheral stop signals. Further, when central and peripheral stop signals are presented together, SSRTs behave as expected of independent pr...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00107-9
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sex differences in macular pigment (MP) optical density (measured psychophysically) were examined. Concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin (L and Z) (non-separated) and beta-carotene (BC) in the blood were determined using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Dietary intake of L and Z, BC, fat, and ir...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0042-6989(95)00290-1
更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study measured the time course of psychophysical end-stopping and compared it with the time course of masking. For a 10' D6 target on an 18' D6 pedestal, two abutting end-zone masks (each 13.5' long) covering the filter end-zones reduce masking. This facilitatory 'end-stopping' effect was measured over a range of...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0042-6989(98)00263-6
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Treatment of age-macular degeneration requires monthly intravitreal injections, which are costly and have serious risks. The objective of this study was to develop a novel intraocular implant for drug delivery. The capsule drug ring is a reservoir inserted in the lens capsule during cataract surgery, refillable and ca...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.visres.2009.10.013
更新日期：2010-03-31 00:00:00
abstract：:The contrast of a two-dimensional compound grating consisting of 2, 3 or 4 components with the same spatial frequency but different orientations was matched to the contrast of a simple cosine grating. At all spatial frequencies and contrast levels studied the stimuli which matched in apparent contrast had nearly equal...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0042-6989(94)90298-4
更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Light and darkness promote opposite migrations of screening pigment granules in the retinal photoreceptors of the crayfish and other arthropods, and microtubules have been implicated in this part of the adaptation process. This report considers the topographic relationships of the migratory pigment granules with the m...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0042-6989(82)90217-6
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The temporal dynamics of brightness filling-in were studied through neural network simulation experiments conducted under visual masking stimulus conditions. Grossberg et al. have specified a filling-in model called the Boundary Contour System/Feature Contour System (BCS/FCS). The BCS generates boundary segmentation, ...
journal_title：Vision research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0042-6989(94)90071-x
更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00
