Abstract：
:Viruses and their protein capsids can be regarded as biologically evolved nanomachines able to perform multiple, complex biological functions through coordinated mechano-chemical actions during the infectious cycle. The advent of nanoscience and nanotechnology has opened up, in the last 10 years or so, a vast number of novel possibilities to exploit engineered viral capsids as protein-based nanoparticles for multiple biomedical, biotechnological or nanotechnological applications. This chapter attempts to provide a broad, updated overview on the self-assembly and engineering of virus capsids, and on applications of virus-based nanoparticles. Different sections provide outlines on: (i) the structure, functions and properties of virus capsids; (ii) general approaches for obtaining assembled virus particles; (iii) basic principles and events related to virus capsid self-assembly; (iv) genetic and chemical strategies for engineering virus particles; (v) some applications of engineered virus particles being developed; and (vi) some examples on the engineering of virus particles to modify their physical properties, in order to improve their suitability for different uses.
journal_name
Adv Exp Med Bioljournal_title
Advances in experimental medicine and biologyauthors
Mateu MGdoi
10.1007/978-3-319-39196-0_5subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-01-01 00:00:00pages
83-120eissn
0065-2598issn
2214-8019journal_volume
940pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The electrical signals resulting from phototransduction are decomposed by bipolar cells and then encoded into spike trains by ganglion cells. The signal decomposition by bipolar cells includes formation of ON and OFF pathways and separation of tonic and phasic signals. The decomposition is accomplished by post-synapti...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-0121-3_29
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lowered concentration of Ca2+ ions, resulting from illumination of the photoreceptor cell, is the signal for resynthesis of cGMP by retina-specific guanylyl cyclase (retGC). This Ca2+-dependent activation of retGC is mediated by Ca2+-binding proteins named GCAPs (guanylyl cyclase-activating proteins) and contributes t...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-0121-3_19
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The respiratory control system is not fully developed in newborn, and data suggest that adequate nutrition is important for the development of the respiratory control system. Infants need to be fed every 2-4 h to maintain appropriate energy levels, but a skip of feeding can occur due to social economical reasons or mi...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-18440-1_20
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acrylamide (AA) is a carcinogen as demonstrated in animal experiments, but the relevance for the human situation is still unclear. AA and its metabolite glycidamide (GA) react with nucleophilic regions in biomolecules. However, whereas AA and GA react with proteins, DNA adducts are exclusively formed by GA under condi...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/0-387-24980-X_6
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cerebral cortex is one of the most intricate regions of the brain, which required elaborated cell migration patterns for its development. Experimental observations show that projection neurons migrate radially within the cortical wall, whereas interneurons migrate along multiple tangential paths to reach the devel...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-94-007-7687-6_4
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has become a standard of care following hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). After TH, body temperature is brought back to 37 °C over 14 h. Lactate/N-acetylasperatate (Lac/NAA) peak area ratio on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) is the best available outcome biomarker fo...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-38810-6_33
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A number of patients with rheumatoid arthritis attending the Rheumatology Clinic at St Luke's Hospital are currently receiving the drug methotrexate as a second line disease-modifying agent. A survey has been conducted to assess the toxicity profile of methotrexate in 33 of these patients who were followed up for at l...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-4857-7_55
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE6) is a key enzyme in vertebrate retinal phototransduction. After GTP/GDP exchange on the a subunit of transducin (Talpha) by illuminated rhodopsin, the GTP-bound form Talpha (GTP/Talpha) interacts with the regulatory subunit (Pgamma) of PDE6 to activate cGMP hydrolytic activity. The r...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-0121-3_9
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The loss of biological activity upon heating or agitation of human interferons is markedly altered by changing their aqueous environment. Low pH significantly stabilizes liquid fibroblast interferon at 68 degrees C and 37 degrees C whereas chaotropic salts stabilize at 68 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C; this anomal...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-9080-4_11
更新日期：1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the oxygen (O2) cascade downstream steps can never achieve higher flows of O2 than the preceding ones. At the lung the transfer of O2 is determined by the O2 gradient between the alveolar space and the lung capillaries and the O2 diffusing capacity (DLO2). While DLO2 may be increased several times during exercise b...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4899-7678-9_26
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The heat shock response (HSR) is characterized by the induction of molecular chaperones following a sudden increase in temperature. In eukaryotes, the HSR comprises the set of genes controlled by the transcription factor Hsf1. The HSR is induced by defects in co-translational protein folding, ribosome biogenesis, orga...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-030-40204-4_3
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The CD1 system is composed of five types of human CD1 proteins, CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, and CD1e, and their mammalian orthologs. Each type of CD1 protein has a distinct antigen binding groove and shows differing patterns of expression within cells and in different tissues. Here we review the molecular mechanisms by wh...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_10
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The selective translation of maternal mRNAs encoding cell-fate determinants drives the earliest decisions of embryogenesis that establish the vertebrate body plan. This chapter will discuss studies in Xenopus laevis that provide insights into mechanisms underlying this translational control. Xenopus has been a powerfu...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_2
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vitamin D levels and metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis and treatment of atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular health. Herein, we discuss both normal and disordered vitamin D metabolism as it pertains to atherosclerosis, and we review major clinical trials regarding vitamin D levels and effects of ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_15
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Under the partial influences of paradigm shift form category to dimension, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) was revised to the fifth edition (DSM-5); however, due to the lack of consistent biological makers and processes and the restricted availability of dimensional meta-structure, the r...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_12
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Polymyxin B is another clinically available polymyxin that has re-emerged in clinical practice to treat infections caused by multi-drug (MDR) or extensively-drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Its chemical structure is very similar to the structure of polymyxin E (colistin). However, since the latter is...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-030-16373-0_14
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ubiquitin proteasome pathway is one of the major regulatory tools used by eukaryotic cells. The evolutionarily conserved cullin family proteins can assemble as many as >600 distinct E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that regulate diverse cellular pathways. In most of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes, separ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-981-15-1025-0_13
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Free flaps are regularly used in plastic and reconstructive surgery but have a significant failure rate due to vessel thrombosis in the re-established arterial or venous circulation. A monitor of flap perfusion and oxygenation would allow the early detection of progressing flap ischaemia, hastening the required interv...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-0075-9_72
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacteriophages are probably the oldest viruses, having appeared early during bacterial evolution. Therefore, bacteria and bacteriophages have a long history of co-evolution in which bacteria have developed multiple resistance mechanisms against bacteriophages. These mechanisms, that are very diverse and are in constan...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-1680-7_1
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) is a tumor suppressor protein involved in the initiation and progression of colon cancer. The most widely accepted function ofAPC is to participate to the Wnt signaling pathway, by downregulating beta-catenin and thereby controlling gene transcription and cell proliferation. However, A...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-1145-2_3
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D) is determined by interactions of multiple genes with environmental triggers. Thus far, more than 50 T1D susceptibility regions have been suggested from genetic studies by employing either genome-wide or candidate gene approaches. Because the lack of a linear correlation between ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_18
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The number of helminths within a host can only increase by the host encountering additional infectious stages, so it is important to consider not only whether a host is infected, but also the severity of its infection. Stochastic models consider explicitly the number of parasites within the host and treat infection, d...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-6064-1_5
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myotonic dystrophies (DM) are rare inherited neuromuscular disorders linked to microsatellite unstable expansions in non-coding regions of ubiquitously expressed genes. The DMPK and ZNF9/CNBP genes which mutations are responsible for DM1 and DM2 respectively. DM are multisystemic disorders with brain affection and cog...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-981-32-9358-8_17
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The removal of infectious biofilms from tissues or implanted devices and their transmission through fluid transport systems depends in part of the mechanical properties of their polymeric matrix. Linking the various physical and chemical microscopic interactions to macroscopic deformation and failure modes promises to...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-32189-9_8
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Schizophrenia is a severe and debilitating psychiatric disorder believed to have neurodevelopmental origins. Several studies have associated energy metabolism dysfunction with the disorder, mostly related to glycolysis alterations. Glucose is the obligatory energy substrate of the brain and glycolysis is the first ste...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-030-25650-0_2
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epigenetic mechanisms, which include DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA (miRNA), can produce heritable phenotypic changes without a change in DNA sequence. Disruption of gene expression patterns which are governed by epigenetics can result in autoimmune diseases, cancers, and various other maladies. M...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-981-15-3449-2_1
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Zebrafish are increasingly being used to study cancer. Almost all tumor types have been found in zebrafish. However, tumor incidence is relatively low and tumors develop late in life. Functional inactivation of tumor suppressors is a crucial step in cancer progression and more and more tumor suppressor genes are being...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-30654-4_4
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Based on the fractal bronchial tree, we introduced a function of "asynchronous phasic contractions of lobular bronchiole", which would generate fluctuations in tidal volumes. Stochastic control theory was able to describe a genesis of biological variability in spontaneous respirations using a Schroedinger wave functio...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-5692-7_11
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1) The immunological mechanism of protection against dental caries has been investigated by passive immunization with antisera to S. mutans in the rhesus monkey. 2) Passive immunization with separated IgG, IgM and IgA from sera of immunized monkeys supports the concept that IgG, unlike IgA or IgM antibodies are protec...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4684-3369-2_35
更新日期：1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review examines the monooxygenase, peroxidase and peroxygenase properties and reaction mechanisms of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in bacterial, archaeal and mammalian systems. CYP enzymes catalyze monooxygenation reactions by inserting one oxygen atom from O2 into an enormous number and variety of substrates. Th...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-16009-2_1
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
