Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanographene-Armored Enzymes.

abstract：:Microarrays of defined glycans represent a high throughput approach to determining the specificity of lectins, or more generally glycan-binding proteins (GBPs). The utility of a glycan microarray is directly related to the number and variety of the glycans available on the printed surface for interrogation by GBPs. Th...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Smith DF,Song X,Cummings RD

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In eukaryotes, translation initiation involves recruitment of ribosomal subunits at either the 5' m7G cap structure or at an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). For most mRNAs, the initiation codon is located some distance downstream, necessitating ribosomal movement to this site. Although the mechanistic details of ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Mauro VP,Chappell SA,Dresios J

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carbohydrate microarrays are becoming a standard tool for glycobiologists to screen large numbers of sugars and elucidate the role of carbohydrates in biological systems. This article describes detailed methods to prepare and use microarrays containing synthetic oligosaccharides as well as a summary of the biological ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： de Paz JL,Horlacher T,Seeberger PH

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Histone chaperones-key actors in the dynamic organization of chromatin-interact with the various histone variants to ensure their transfer in and out of chromatin. In vitro chromatin assembly assays and isolation of protein complexes using tagged histone variants provided first clues concerning their binding specifici...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Clément C,Vassias I,Ray-Gallet D,Almouzni G

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein matrix cavities and extended tunnels can effectively channel substrates and products to and from active sites in enzymes. Substrate and product channeling can enhance catalytic efficiency by reducing the intramolecular diffusion times to and from reaction centers. Moreover, protected transfer between sites may...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Pesce A,Milani M,Nardini M,Bolognesi M

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nucleic acid aptamers find widespread use as targeting and sensing agents in nature and biotechnology. Their ability to bind an extensive range of molecular targets, including small molecules, proteins, and ions, with high affinity and specificity enables their use in diverse diagnostic, therapeutic, imaging, and gene...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Chang AL,McKeague M,Smolke CD

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Assessment of protein nitration is commonly used as a footprint for the formation of reactive nitrogen species in vivo. However, one of the major disadvantages of measuring nitrotyrosine in proteins is that nitrated proteins are broken down at variable rates, and the resulting free nitrotyrosine is taken up by cells, ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Mani AR,Moore KP

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nitrite and nitrate represent the final products of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation pathways, and their hematic concentrations are frequently assessed as an index of systemic NO production. However, their intake with food can influence their levels. Nitrite and nitrate could have a role by producing NO, because nitrite ca...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Giustarini D,Rossi R,Milzani A,Dalle-Donne I

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microtubules are dynamic polymers of the cytoskeleton, which play important roles in cell division, polarization, and intracellular transport. Self-assembly of microtubule polymer from αβ-tubulin heterodimers is highly variable, with stochastic switching between alternate states of net growth and net shortening, a phe...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Prahl LS,Castle BT,Gardner MK,Odde DJ

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Electrochemical microsensors for O2, pH, H2S, H2, and N2O are now available commercially, thus it has become a relatively simple task to analyze the microenvironment in stratified microbial communities for several chemical species. In addition, sensors are available for the physical parameters diffusivity and flow, an...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Revsbech NP

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cancer has become the leading cause of death in the developed world and has remained one of the most difficult diseases to treat. One of the difficulties in treating cancer is that conventional chemotherapies often have unacceptable toxicities toward normal cells at the doses required to kill tumor cells. Thus, the de...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Cantor JR,Panayiotou V,Agnello G,Georgiou G,Stone EM

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Embryonic stem (ES) cells are cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst stage embryo. These self-renewing multipotent cells are able to differentiate to the three embryonic germ layers, the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm, and are thus able to produce virtually all cell types. The ES cell capacity to gen...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Goldberg-Cohen I,Beck G,Ziskind A,Itskovitz-Eldor J

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances in functional genomics have enabled genome-wide genetic studies in mammalian cells. These include the establishment of high-throughput transfection and viral propagation methodologies, the production of large-scale cDNA and siRNA libraries, and the development of sensitive assay detection processes and...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Rines DR,Tu B,Miraglia L,Welch GL,Zhang J,Hull MV,Orth AP,Chanda SK

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Autophagy is an ancient cell survival pathway that is induced by metabolic stress and that helps prevent bioenergetic failure. This pathway has emerged as a promising new target in cancer treatment, where agents that inhibit autophagic degradation have efficacy in preventing cancer and in treating resistant disease wh...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Dorsey FC,Steeves MA,Prater SM,Schröter T,Cleveland JL

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) modulates protein-protein and protein-solvent interactions through volume changes and thereby affects the equilibrium of protein conformational species between native and denatured forms as well as monomeric, oligomeric, and aggregated forms without the addition of chemicals or use of h...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kim YS,Randolph TW,Seefeldt MB,Carpenter JF

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Signal transduction by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) through their cognate VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases follows the consensus scheme for receptor tyrosine kinases. Thus, binding of ligand induces receptor dimerization and activation of the tyrosine kinase through transphosphorylation between receptor m...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Li X,Claesson-Welsh L,Shibuya M

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of vertebrate color vision, it is essential to establish associations between amino acid substitutions and the directions of lambda max shifts of visual pigments. In this way, we can identify critical amino acid changes that may be responsible for lambda max shifts of visual pigme...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Yokoyama S

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The exodus of the alarmin high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from the nucleus constitutes a crucial cellular danger signal and manifests as a sequential process in which HMGB1 first exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm and then is secreted or passively released through the permeabilized plasma membrane. Extracellular H...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Zhao L,Liu P,Kepp O,Kroemer G

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The three-dimensional (3D) organization of the genome is important for chromatin regulation. This organization is nonrandom and appears to be tightly correlated with or regulated by chromatin state and scaffolding proteins. To understand how specific DNA and chromatin elements contribute to the functional organization...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Harr JC,Reddy KL

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article describes the methods and techniques used to produce mutagenized mice to conduct high-throughput forward genetic screens for circadian rhythm mutants in the mouse. In particular, we outline methods to safely prepare and administer the chemical mutagen N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU) to mice. We also discuss t...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Siepka SM,Takahashi JS

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The diverse structures of polyketide natural products are reflected by the equally diverse polyketide biosynthetic enzymes, namely polyketide synthases (PKSs). Three major classes of PKSs are known-noniterative type I PKSs, iterative type II PKSs and acyl carrier protein-independent type III PKSs, each of which consis...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Cheng YQ,Coughlin JM,Lim SK,Shen B

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The remarkable success of cancer immunotherapies, especially the checkpoint blocking antibodies, in a subset of patients has reinvigorated the study of tumor-immune crosstalk and its role in heterogeneity of response. High-throughput sequencing and imaging technologies can help recapitulate various aspects of the tumo...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Bhinder B,Elemento O

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Arc (anoxic redox control) two-component system (TCS) is a complex signal transduction system that plays an important role in regulating energy metabolism at the level of transcription in bacteria. This system comprises the ArcB protein, a hybrid membrane-associated sensor kinase, and the ArcA protein, a typical r...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Alvarez AF,Georgellis D

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:IF-liposomes are formed by a unique process that involves fusing small liposomes into interdigitated lipid sheets, using either ethanol or hydrostatic pressure. The interdigitation-fusion method requires liposome formulations with lipids that form the L beta I phase. Preparing ethanol-induced IF-liposomes is simple an...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Ahl PL,Perkins WR

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lymphocytes proliferate in response to several stimuli. In many situations, a rapid lymphocyte expansion, or the identification of a slow dividing cell subpopulation may be of great interest. Thus, it is necessary to perform reliable assays to study and compare lymphocyte subsets proliferation. For this purpose, carbo...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Terrén I,Orrantia A,Vitallé J,Zenarruzabeitia O,Borrego F

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Constitutively activating mutations of the TSHR are the major cause for nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism, which is based on ligand independent, permanent receptor activation. Several reports have highlighted the difficulties to determine whether a TSHR mutation is constitutively active or not especially for borderline ca...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Mueller S,Jaeschke H,Paschke R

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Omics approaches have become popular in biology as powerful discovery tools, and currently gain in interest for diagnostic applications. Establishing the accurate genome sequence of any organism is easy, but the outcome of its annotation by means of automatic pipelines remains imprecise. Some protein-encoding genes ma...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Armengaud J

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osmoregulation is the active control of the cellular water balance and encompasses homeostatic mechanisms crucial for life. The osmoregulatory system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is particularly well understood. Key to yeast osmoregulation is the production and accumulation of the compatible solute glycerol, ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Hohmann S,Krantz M,Nordlander B

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The number of genetically modified mouse lines has been increasing exponentially in the past few decades. In order to safeguard them from accidental loss and genetic drifting, to reduce animal housing cost, and to efficiently distribute them around the world, it is important to cryopreserve these valuable genetic reso...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Takahashi H,Liu C

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) primarily reside in bone marrow, are defined by their ability to maintain blood homeostasis, and replenish themselves through self-renewal. Although HSC purification schemes vary from laboratory to laboratory, the resulting cell populations are similar, if not the same. This chapter wil...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Lin KK,Goodell MA

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00