Methods for measuring HMGB1 release during immunogenic cell death.

abstract：:Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of specific degradation of transcripts with a premature stop codon. NMD eliminates aberrant mRNAs arising from mutations, alternative splicing, and other events in cells. In addition, many normal transcripts undergo NMD. Recent studies demonst...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Gurskaya NG,Pereverzev AP,Staroverov DB,Markina NM,Lukyanov KA

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Organ-specific delivery of biofunctional agents is thought to enhance their activity and to reduce their side effects. Liposomes have been used as drug carriers in cancer chemotherapy, since they accumulate passively in tumor tissues due to an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In addition, modification...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Asai T,Oku N

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:RNA helicases are associated with every aspect of RNA metabolism and function. A diverse range of RNA helicases are encoded by essentially every organism. While RNA helicases alter gene expression, RNA helicase expression is itself regulated, frequently in response to abiotic stress. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria prese...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Owttrim GW

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Death receptors are a subgroup of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and mediate activation of what is widely known as the "extrinsic" apoptosis pathway. TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) is one of the most recent death receptor ligands identified. The TRAIL receptor ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Harper N,MacFarlane M

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We have developed two screening systems for isolating inhibitors that target bacterial two-component signal transduction: (1) a differential growth assay using a temperature-sensitive yycF mutant (CNM2000) of Bacillus subtilis, which is supersensitive to histidine kinase inhibitors, and (2) a high-throughput genetic s...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Okada A,Gotoh Y,Watanabe T,Furuta E,Yamamoto K,Utsumi R

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:At least two discrete deoxyribonuclease activities can be detected during apoptotic death, one that generates 30- to 500-kilobase pair (kbp) domain-sized fragments and another that mediates internucleosomal DNA degradation. The latter nuclease has been identified as the caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD)/CPAN, ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kaufmann SH,Mesner PW Jr,Samejima K,Toné S,Earnshaw WC

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Measurement of catalysis by MnSOD using direct observation of the UV absorbance of superoxide allows determination of steady-state catalytic constants. Stabilizing superoxide in aprotic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide permits the use of stopped-flow spectrophotometry, although significant information is lost in th...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Silverman DN,Nick HS

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Desmoplakin (DP) is an obligate component of desmosomes, where it links the desmosomal cadherin/plakoglobin/plakophilin assembly to intermediate filaments. DP contains a large amino-terminal domain (DPNT) that binds to the cadherin/plakoglobin/plakophilin complex, a central coiled-coil domain that dimerizes the molecu...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Choi HJ,Weis WI

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nitrite and nitrate represent the final products of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation pathways, and their hematic concentrations are frequently assessed as an index of systemic NO production. However, their intake with food can influence their levels. Nitrite and nitrate could have a role by producing NO, because nitrite ca...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Giustarini D,Rossi R,Milzani A,Dalle-Donne I

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In mice with lupus nephritis qualitative changes in anti-DNA antibodies occur, such as IgG switch and increased cationic charge, to render these antibodies pathogenic. Pathogenic anti-DNA idiotypes can be encoded by genes of a normal mouse strain such as SWR, where they remain dormant. When the normal mice are crossed...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Datta SK

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The procedures described in this chapter have enabled us to identify and characterize monoclonal antibodies and their respective anti-idiotypes. We have developed several different types of immunoassays which afford greater flexibility to the investigator, depending on the type of antibodies desired and the availabili...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kussie PH,Albright G,Linthicum DS

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lysosomes are specialized organelles for protein recycling and as such are involved in the terminal steps of autophagy. However, it has become evident that lysosomes also play an important role in the progression of apoptosis. This latter function seems to be dependent on lysosomal proteases, which need to be released...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Ivanova S,Repnik U,Bojic L,Petelin A,Turk V,Turk B

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Ras-regulatory network is a loosely defined composition of numerous Ras family members and effector pathways that couple to critical cell-regulatory processes. Investigators are increasingly turning to RNAi-mediated inhibition of gene expression as an effective tool to help generate authentic portraits of Ras prot...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Whitehurst AW,White MA

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a member of the uncoupling protein family. It is expressed in the inner mitochondrial membrane and plays a role in the control of free radical production, oxidative damage, insulin secretion, and fatty-acid peroxide exportation. Although UCP2 expression occurs in several tissues, some of...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Velloso LA,Degasperi GR,Vercesi AE,Saad MA

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nonnative protein aggregation has been classically treated as an amorphous process occurring by colloidal coagulation kinetics and proceeding to an essentially irreversible endpoint often ascribed to a chaotic tangle of unfolded chains. However, some nonnative aggregates, particularly amyloid fibrils, exhibit ordered ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： O'Nuallain B,Thakur AK,Williams AD,Bhattacharyya AM,Chen S,Thiagarajan G,Wetzel R

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genomes can be viewed in terms of their gene content and the order in which the genes appear along each chromosome. Evolutionary events that affect the gene order or content are "rare genomic events" (rarer than events that affect the composition of the nucleotide sequences) and have been advocated by systematists for...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Moret BM,Warnow T

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicle-mediated protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be controlled by linear, independent motifs embedded within the cargo. ER export motifs directly interact with selective components of COPII vesicles and enhance cargo recruitment onto COPII vesicles. Moreover, ER e...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Wu G

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The methods of computational chemistry and molecular modeling are becoming more and more accessible to biochemists with the advent of fast, inexpensive graphics workstations and well-tested computer programs. The state of the art in small molecules allows chemists to use these programs as "black boxes" and be confiden...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Wampler JE

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The microbial production of commodity, fine, and specialty chemicals is a driving force in biotechnology. An essential requirement is to introduce biosynthetic pathways to the target compound(s) into chassis organisms. First suitable enzymes must be selected and characterized, and then genetic pathways must be designe...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Robinson CJ,Dunstan MS,Swainston N,Titchmarsh J,Takano E,Scrutton NS,Jervis AJ

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Autophagy is an extremely dynamic process that mediates the rapid degradation of intracellular components in response to different stress conditions. The autophagic response is executed by specific protein complexes, whose function is regulated by posttranslational modifications and interactions with positive and nega...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Antonioli M,Ciccosanti F,Dengjel J,Fimia GM

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dynamin I is a large GTPase enzyme required in membrane constriction and fission during multiple forms of endocytosis. The first method described here is for the rapid purification of native dynamin from peripheral membrane extracts of sheep brain using ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity purification on recom...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Quan A,Robinson PJ

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins perform crucial roles in regulating the biology of the cell. PTMs are enzymatic, covalent chemical modifications of proteins that typically occur after the translation of mRNAs. These modifications are relevant because they can potentially change a protein's physical ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Farley AR,Link AJ

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mdm2 is a negative regulator of p53 activity and functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase of p53. Inhibition of mdm2 E3 ligase activity will block ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation of p53, resulting in the stabilization of p53 protein that could lead to the restoration of its tumor-suppressor ac...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Auger KR,Copeland RA,Lai Z

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cytoskeletal motors utilize the energy stored in ATP to generate linear motion along rigid filaments. Because their enzymatic cycles are tightly coupled to the production of force and forward movement, the optical-trapping technique is uniquely suited for studying their mechanochemical cycle. Here, we discuss the prac...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Belyy V,Yildiz A

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Circadian clocks are present in most cells and are essential for maintenance of daily rhythms in physiology, mood, and cognition. Thus, not only neurons of the central circadian pacemaker but also many other peripheral tissues possess the same functional and self-sustained circadian clocks. Surprisingly, however, thei...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Gaspar L,Brown SA

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Because polysaccharides have very complicated chemical structures constructed by a great diversity of monosaccharide residues and glycosidic linkages, enzymatic approaches have been identified as powerful tools to precisely synthesize polysaccharides as the reactions progress in highly controlled regio- and stereoarra...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kadokawa JI

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins are involved in numerous key biological functions such as respiration, metabolic processes, protein translation, DNA synthesis, and DNA repair. The simplest types of Fe/S clusters include [2Fe-2S], [3Fe-4S], and [4Fe-4S] forms that sometimes are present in multiple copies. De novo assembly ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Freibert SA,Weiler BD,Bill E,Pierik AJ,Mühlenhoff U,Lill R

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Enveloped virus particles select their lipid-protein components and egress by budding from the host cell membranes. The matrix protein of many enveloped viruses has been proposed as a crucial element for viral budding; however, molecular mechanisms behind membrane remodeling by the matrix protein are yet to be unravel...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Shnyrova AV,Zimmerberg J

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The aminocoumarin antibiotics novobiocin, clorobiocin and coumermycin A(1) are formed by different Streptomyces strains and are potent inhibitors of bacterial gyrase. Their biosynthetic gene clusters have been analyzed in detail by genetic and biochemical investigations. Heterologous expression of these gene clusters ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Heide L

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The programmed death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) are negative regulators of T-cell immune function. Removal of these "brakes" in T cells results in increased activation of the immune system and controlling and eradicating tumor. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Nomura N,Nomura Y,Sato Y,Iwata S

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00