Abstract：
:Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenously expressed non-coding RNAs discovered in the early 1990s as a transcriptional by-product of little importance. It was only recently that they were identified as a key player in regulating the gene expression by targeting and modulating the functions of microRNA, a process known as microRNA sponging. They are distributed throughout the system in a tissue-specific manner showing abundant enrichment in neuronal tissue. Their physiological functions in the brain such as neuronal maturation, differentiation, etc. as well as their implications in numerous brain-related disorders have made its entry into the spotlight. Yet the wider scope and molecular mechanism of circRNAs still remain elusive. In this chapter, we describe in detail the functional aspects and importance of circRNAs in the human brain and how it is associated with various neurological diseases.
journal_name
Adv Exp Med Bioljournal_title
Advances in experimental medicine and biologyauthors
Gokul S,Rajanikant GKdoi
10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_18subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-01-01 00:00:00pages
231-237eissn
0065-2598issn
2214-8019journal_volume
1087pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Fertilization of urodele amphibians is physiologically polyspermic. These amphibians lack sperm entry blocking mechanisms at the egg surface, such as a cortical reaction or a membrane depolarization. Although, egg jelly is necessary for sperm capacitation, a late block to sperm entry does occur about 30 min after fert...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4613-2255-9_13
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The visual system consists of various types of neurons and a single-nucleotide mutation can sometimes lead to blindness. The phototransduction pathway in the retina starts from the first-order neurons, the photoreceptor cells, and transmits the signals to second-order neurons. Finally, the output signal from third-ord...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_37
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autosomal dominant Stargardt3 Macular Dystrophy (STGD3) results from mutations in the ELOVL4 gene. ELOVL4 protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it mediates the rate-limiting condensation reaction during very long-chain (VLC, ≥ C28) fatty acid biosynthesis. The defective gene product is truncated ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_57
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The process of creating a translation-competent mRNA is highly complex and involves numerous steps including transcription, splicing, addition of modifications, and, finally, export to the cytoplasm. Historically, much of the research on regulation of gene expression at the level of the mRNA has been focused on either...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-030-31434-7_2
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A single compartment model of the arterial circulation was used to generate an arterial blood pressure waveform from pre-determined stroke volume (SV) and arterial resistance (R). With fixed stroke volume and varying resistances blood pressure waveforms showed mean values proportional to resistance but amplitude lesse...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-0-387-74911-2_13
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the post-genomic era, the first step in any study of protein function is a homology search against the complete genome sequence of the organism of interest. By analogy, if we also wish to elucidate the cadre of signaling and regulatory pathways in the cell, an extremely powerful first step is to construct a complet...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-8861-4_3
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:These studies with wild-type and mutant cells defective in IMP dehydrogenase and the previous data with the adenylosuccinate synthetase-deficient cell line suggest that among the clinical population with dominantly inherited hyperuricemia, patients with partial deficiencies in these enzymes exist. It is hoped that the...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4684-4553-4_74
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Within the cochlea, broadband sounds like speech and music are filtered into a series of narrowband signals, each of which can be considered as a relatively slowly varying envelope (ENV) imposed on a rapidly oscillating carrier (the temporal fine structure, TFS). Information about ENV and TFS is conveyed in the timing...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-25474-6_1
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mast cells play a major role in allergy and anaphylaxis, as well as a protective role in immunity against bacteria and venoms (innate immunity) and T-cell activation (acquired immunity).1,2 It was long thought that two steps are essential to mast cell activation. The first step (sensitization) occurs when antigen-spec...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-9533-9_3
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Homeostasis is the process by which cells adapt to stress and prevent or repair injury. Unique programs have evolved to sense and activate these homeostatic mechanisms and as such, homeostatic sensors may be potent therapeutic targets. The hypoxic response mediated by hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) downstream of oxyge...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4899-7678-9_16
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in malignant, ischemic, inflammatory, infectious and immune disorders. The increasing molecular understanding of angiogenic processes fostered the development of strategies to induce or inhibit angiogenesis for therapeutic purposes. Here, we focus on anti-angiogenic therapies, which r...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-32805-8_12
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypertension increases the risks of end-organ injury, maternal/fetal vulnerability, and total mortality. Throughout the world, it kills about 7.5 million people every year. During 1975-2015, the number of adults with hypertension increased from 594 million to more than 1.1 billion, mostly due to the increase in the lo...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type：
doi：10.1007/5584_2017_30
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Animal models are an important tool to study the pathophysiology of Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD). So far, animal models using simple organisms (like the round worm Caenorhabditis elegans or the fruit fly drosophila) but also mammalian models (mouse and even a non-human primate model) have been generated to study MJD. ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_15
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recruitment of monocytes from the peripheral vasculature to an area of chronic inflammation is a complex phenomenon. This complicated process is likely mediated to a large extent by chemotactic cytokines that are expressed via a cytokine cascade. A number of chronic diseases that are difficult to manage are charac...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4684-6009-4_8
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Here we propose a model of a peripheral axon with a great deal of autonomy from its cell body-the autonomous axon-but with a substantial dependence on its ensheathing Schwann cell (SC), the axon-SC unit. We review evidence in several fields and show that (i) axons can extend sprouts and grow without the concurrence of...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_9
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In many fields such as data mining, machine learning, pattern recognition and signal processing, data sets containing huge number of features are often involved. Feature selection is an essential data preprocessing technique for such high-dimensional data classification tasks. Traditional dimensionality reduction appr...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-7046-6_10
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Terminal Transferase (TdT), Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), immunological membrane markers, cytochemical reactivity and cytogenetics were analyzed in 226 patients with ALL, AUL and AML, in 70 patients with CML and in 3 cases of Ph' positive acute leukemia presenting as ALL. TdT was tested in peripheral blood and bone marro...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4684-8929-3_24
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:R3230Ac mammary tumors were grown in transparent window chambers implanted into the dorsal skin flap of 250 g Fischer 344 rats (see Dewhirst et al, 1992). The oxygen pressure distributions in the tumor and host tissue were measured by the oxygen dependent quenching of phosphorescence (see Vinogradov et al, 1996) after...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-4863-8_71
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Modern society is witnessing a widespread tendency to postpone parenthood due to a number of socioeconomic factors. This ever-increasing trend relates to both women and men and raises many concerns about the risks and consequences lying beneath the natural process of aging. The negative influence of the advanced mater...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-7783-9_2
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pepstatin is a low molecular weight, potent inhibitor specific for acid proteases with a Ki value of about 10(-10)M for pepsin. The chemical structure of pepstatin is essentially a hexapeptide which contains two residues of an unusual amino acid, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid (statine). The complete structu...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4757-0719-9_12
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is very little direct research to conclusively prove the relevance of diet in primary tendinopathies, however it seems prudent to ask whether our current knowledge about the impact of nutrition on collagen metabolism could be useful in assessing, preventing, or treating tendinopathy. The objective of this chapte...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-33943-6_27
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:These investigations were undertaken to elucidate whether the difference between the time courses of the isometric tension and the velocity of shortening upon releases to a given isotonic load various times during a twitch is due to a change in the kinetics of the individual cross-bridges, i.e. in the rate constants g...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Oxytocin (OT) is released from the neurohypophysis into the jugular vein of sheep in small 1-2 min pulses (ca. 10 pg/ml) in both cyclic and ovariectomized sheep. In intact cycling sheep, additional hour long bursts of OT (up to 200 pg/ml) occur in peripheral blood during luteolysis at intervals of 6 to 9 hrs which app...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) is an ubiquitous and major mechanism for Ca(2+) influx in mammalian cells with important physiological relevance. Since the discovery of SOCE in 1986 both, the mechanism that communicates the amount of Ca(2+) accumulated in the intracellular Ca(2+) stores to the plasma membrane chann...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_15
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While performing their functions, biological macromolecules often form large, dynamically changing macromolecular assemblies. Only a relatively small number of such assemblies have been accessible to the atomic-resolution techniques X-ray crystallography and NMR. Electron microscopy in conjunction with image reconstru...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-02970-2_6
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Triple-A syndrome is characterized by triad of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-resistant adrenal insufficiency, alacrimia and achalasia cardia. It is a rare disease and inherited by autosomal recessive pattern. Allgrove syndrome is characterized by mutation(s) in AAAS gene, located on chromosome 12q13, that codes ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-6448-9_1
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Macaca, Callithrix jacchus marmoset monkey, Pan troglodytes chimpanzee and human retinas were examined to define if short wavelength (S) cones share molecular markers with L&M cone or rod photoreceptors. S cones showed consistent differences in their immunohistochemical staining and expression levels compared to L&M c...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_7
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Humans with mutations in the phototransduction pathway develop forms of retinal degeneration, such as retinitis pigmentosa, cone dystrophy, or Leber congenital amaurosis. Similarly, numerous phototransduction mutant animal models resemble retinal degeneration. In our lab, using a zebrafish model, we study cone-specifi...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-75402-4_40
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The apical plasma membrane domain of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in the eye faces the outer segment portions of rods and cones and the interphotoreceptor matrix in the subretinal space. Two important receptor-mediated interactions between the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and adjace...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-1399-9_15
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to maintain their unlimited capacity to divide, stem cells require controlled temporal and spatial protein expression. The Musashi family of RNA-binding proteins have been shown to exhibit this necessary translational control through both repression and activation in order to regulate multiple stem cell popul...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-94-007-6621-1_13
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
