Abstract:
:Microglia constitute ~10-20% of glial cells in the adult human brain. They are the resident phagocytic immune cells of the central nervous system and play an integral role as first responders during inflammation. Microglia are commonly classified as "HM" (homeostatic), "M1" (classically activated proinflammatory), or "M2" (alternatively activated). Multiple single-cell RNA-sequencing studies suggest that this discrete classification system does not accurately and fully capture the vast heterogeneity of microglial states in the brain. In fact, a recent single-cell RNA-sequencing study showed that microglia exist along a continuous spectrum of states. This spectrum spans heterogeneous populations of homeostatic and neuropathology-associated microglia in both healthy and Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse brains. Major risk factors, such as sex, age, and genes, modulate microglial states, suggesting that shifts along the trajectory might play a causal role in AD pathogenesis. This study provides important insight into the cellular mechanisms of AD and underlines the potential of novel cell-based therapies for AD.
journal_name
J Neurophysioljournal_title
Journal of neurophysiologyauthors
von Maydell D,Jorfi Mdoi
10.1152/jn.00395.2019subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-10-01 00:00:00pages
1291-1296issue
4eissn
0022-3077issn
1522-1598journal_volume
122pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::1. The vibratory response to two-tone stimuli was measured in the basilar membrane of the chinchilla cochlea by means of the Mössbauer technique or laser velocimetry. Measurements were made at sites with characteristic frequency (CF, the frequency at which an auditory structure is most sensitive) of 7-10 kHz, located ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1992.68.4.1087
更新日期:1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apical dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal cells in a slice preparation of rat sensorimotor cortex were depolarized focally by long-lasting glutamate iontophoresis while recording intracellularly from their soma. In most cells the firing pattern evoked by the smallest dendritic depolarization that evoked spikes consisted o...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1999.81.3.1341
更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dorsal root afferent depolarization and antidromic firing were studied in isolated spinal cords of neonatal rats. Spontaneous firing accompanied by occasional bursts could be recorded from most dorsal roots in the majority of the cords. The afferent bursts were enhanced after elevation of the extracellular potassium c...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2581
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We compared electroretinographic (ERG) responses to uniform-field and a variety of pattern stimuli using both transient and steady-state analyses. Evidence is provided that for all of these stimuli, the peak at high temporal frequencies in the steady-state response corresponds to the fast wave of the transient respons...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1984.51.5.952
更新日期:1984-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The current eye-tracking study examined the influence of reward on oculomotor performance, and the extent to which learned stimulus-reward associations interacted with voluntary oculomotor control with a modified paradigm based on the classical antisaccade task. Participants were shown two equally salient stimuli simu...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00275.2018
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Few studies have analyzed activity-induced changes in EMG activity in individual human motor units. We studied the changes in human thenar motor unit EMG that accompany the potentiation of twitch force and fatigue of tetanic force. Single motor unit EMG and force were recorded in healthy subjects in response to select...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00924.2005
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The anterior branch of N. VIII was sectioned in adult frogs. Two months later the brain was isolated to record in vitro responses in the vestibular nuclei and from the abducens nerves following electric stimulation of the anterior branch of N. VIII or of the posterior canal nerve. Extra- and intracellularly recorded r...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.2000.84.1.581
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rod signals traverse several synapses en route to cone bipolar cells. In one pathway, rods communicate directly with cones via gap junctions. In a second pathway, signals flow rods-rod bipolars-AII amacrines-cone bipolars. The relative contribution of each pathway to retinal function is not well understood. Here we ha...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00597.2004
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Paw-shake responses (PSRs) were evoked by wrapping masking tape around the hind-paw in nine cats spinalized at the T12 level either at 2 or 12 wk of age or as young adults (10-12 mo). Electromyographic responses of ankle extensors (LG and SOL) and one ankle flexor (TA) were recorded through the 6th mo after cord trans...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1984.51.4.680
更新日期:1984-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fine flexible wire microelectrodes chronically implanted in the fifth lumbar ventral root (L5 VR) of 17 cats rendered stable records of the natural discharge patterns of 164 individual axons during locomotion on a treadmill. Fifty-one out of 164 axons were identified as motoneurons projecting to the anterior thigh mus...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1987.57.2.510
更新日期:1987-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous application of painful radiant heat laser pulses evokes potentials (laser-evoked potentials) that can be recorded from scalp or intracranial electrodes. We have now tested the hypothesis that the response of thalamic neurons to a cutaneous laser stimulus occurs at latencies predicted by the conduction delay ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.91347.2008
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reaching movements are subject to noise associated with planning and execution, but precisely how these noise sources interact to determine patterns of endpoint variability in three-dimensional space is not well understood. For frontal plane movements, variability is largest along the depth axis (the axis along which ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00495.2011
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The functional role of sensory input to the motor cortex was studied by interrupting two major input pathways. One was the dorsal column, which sends the input directly through the thalamus to the motor cortex, and the other was the sensory cortex, which transfers its input through association fibers. Removal of the s...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1984.52.2.212
更新日期:1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Visual tracking of moving targets requires the combination of smooth pursuit eye movements with catch-up saccades. In primates, catch-up saccades usually take place only during pursuit initiation because pursuit gain is close to unity. This contrasts with the lower and more variable gain of smooth pursuit in cats, whe...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.2.550
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of the study was to examine whether the sustained increases in the excitability of afferent fibers traversing the dorsal columns evoked by their polarization depend on the branching points of these fibers. To this end, the effects of epidural polarization were compared in four spinal regions in deeply anesthet...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00161.2020
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of the present study was to determine whether retinal activity can support long-term changes in synaptic strength in the developing dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus. To test for this we made use of a rodent in vitro explant preparation in which retinal afferents and the intrinsic circuit...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.90618.2008
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the importance of the thumb to hand function, little is known about the origins of thumb impairment poststroke. Accordingly, the primary purpose of this study was to assess whether thumb flexors have heightened stretch reflexes (SRs) following stroke-induced hand impairment. The secondary purpose was to compar...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00423.2009
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pioneering studies demonstrated that novel degrees of freedom could be controlled individually by directly encoding the firing rate of single motor cortex neurons, without regard to each neuron's role in controlling movement of the native limb. In contrast, recent brain-computer interface work has emphasized decoding ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00373.2013
更新日期:2014-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::1. Responses to innocuous and noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli were recorded from 90 neurons in the gracile nucleus of anesthetized cats. Cells were tested by antidromic activation for projections to the contralateral ventrobasal thalamus. 2. Cells were characterized broadly by their responses to mechanical stim...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1992.68.3.818
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We cloned 10 full-length variants of PIIH, the gene for I(h) from the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). This gene shows a significant amount of alternative splicing in the S3-S4 and S4-S5 linkers, in the P-loop and the entire S6 ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00246.2007
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Single neurons were recorded from the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM) of urethan-anesthetized rats. Six of these animals were intact, 28 sustained kainic acid (KA) lesions of trigeminal nucleus principalis (PrV), and 9 received similar lesions of trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris (SpVi). Four animals sus...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1987.57.5.1577
更新日期:1987-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. We investigated the glycine-induced response in ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) neurons freshly dissociated from 8- to 12-day-old rats using the nystatin and gramicidin perforated patch recording modes. The nystatin-formed pores in the plasma membrane are permeable for both monovalent cations and anions, whereas th...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1994.72.4.1530
更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a great need to develop new approaches for rehabilitation of the upper limb after stroke. Robotic therapy is a promising form of neurorehabilitation that can be delivered in higher doses than conventional therapy. Here we sought to determine whether the reported effects of robotic therapy, which have been bas...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00336.2015
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Binocular disparity, the slight differences between the images registered by our two eyes, provides an important cue when estimating the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the complex environment we inhabit. Sensitivity to binocular disparity is evident at multiple levels of the visual hierarchy in the primate brain,...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01074.2006
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relation between impedance change and the location and magnitude of a tonic synaptic conductance was examined in compartmental motoneuron models based on previously published data. The dependency of motoneuron impedance on system time constant (tau), electrotonic length (L), and dendritic-to-somatic conductance ra...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00873.2003
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Motor behavior often occurs in environments with multiple goal options that can vary during the ongoing action. We explored this situation by requiring subjects to select between different target options during an ongoing reach. During split trials the original target was replaced with a left and a right flanking targ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00336.2020
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spatial and temporal properties of LGN receptive fields were studied by flashing a small bar of light across the field in 28 discrete steps. The flashes at each of the spatial positions were used to produce 28 PST histograms. These histograms were in turn displayed as a plane, with space on the chi axis, time on the p...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1976.39.2.213
更新日期:1976-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Manipulating a cup by the handle requires compensating for the torque induced by the moment of the mass of the cup relative to the location of the handle. In the present study, we investigated the control strategy of subjects asked to perform grip-lift movements with an object with center of mass located away from the...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00367.2011
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recognition of sound patterns must be largely independent of level and of masking or jamming background sounds. Auditory patterns of relevance in numerous environmental sounds, species-specific vocalizations and speech are frequency modulations (FM). Level-dependent activation of the human auditory cortex (AC) in resp...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00187.2001
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::ACh modulates neuronal activity throughout the cerebral cortex, including the primary visual cortex (V1). However, a number of issues regarding this modulation remain unknown, such as the effect and its function and the receptor subtypes involved. To address these issues, we combined extracellular single-unit recordin...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00330.2011
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00