Abstract：
:Autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and is closely related to the occurrence of variety of human diseases. It is known that autophagy occurs in response to various environmental stresses such as nutrient deficiency, growth factor deficiency, and hypoxia. Induced autophagy eliminates the damage caused by these stresses and returns to normal levels when the stresses are relieved. To comprehend the induction of autophagy under various stress conditions and the effects of autophagy on the life processes of cells, it is necessary to understand how autophagy is regulated. Many studies have shown that a number of signal transduction pathways are involved in the regulation of autophagy. Among these pathways, some pathways converge at the target of rapamycin (TOR), a highly conserved kinase important for autophagy regulation. This review will focus on the role of TOR signaling pathway in the regulation of autophagy.
journal_name
Adv Exp Med Bioljournal_title
Advances in experimental medicine and biologyauthors
Wang Y,Zhang Hdoi
10.1007/978-981-15-0602-4_3subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-01-01 00:00:00pages
67-83eissn
0065-2598issn
2214-8019journal_volume
1206pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Two-component system (TCS) consists of two multi-domain proteins, a sensor histidine kinase (HK) and a response regulator (RR). In response to environmental change, the signal is transduced from HK to RR through phosphoryl transfer. At the first stage of structural biology of TCS, crystallographic and NMR analyses of ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-0-387-78885-2_3
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sex differences in cardiovascular diseases can be classified as those which are specific to one sex and those that differ in incidence, prevalence, etiology, symptomatology, response to treatment, morbidity, and mortality in one sex compared to the other. All sex differences in cardiovascular conditions have their bas...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_27
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tumor dormancy occurs when cancer cells are present but the tumor does not grow. Following treatment, patients may enter complete remission in which persistent cells represent the minimal residual disease (MRD). Experimental models and clinical data suggest that the absolute quantity of this MRD is extremely low. Very...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-1445-2_9
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Our data indicate that the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1alpha inhibits GR translocation and hormone-induced GR-mediated gene transcription, and, in conjunction with previous in vivo and in vitro studies, can be interpreted to suggest that cytokines have the capacity to contribute to glucocorticoid resistance and thus...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-0-585-37970-8_7
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Taurine, an endogenous amino sulfonic acid, exhibits numerous neuropsychopharmacological activities. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that it is an effective anti-cataleptic and neuro-protective agent. Current investigations show that acute or chronic administration of psychotropic drug cocaine may increa...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-6130-2_1
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) is an ubiquitous and major mechanism for Ca(2+) influx in mammalian cells with important physiological relevance. Since the discovery of SOCE in 1986 both, the mechanism that communicates the amount of Ca(2+) accumulated in the intracellular Ca(2+) stores to the plasma membrane chann...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_15
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Liver alcohol dehydrogenase is shown to catalyze dehydrogenation, dismutation and esterolysis. These multifunctional activities were found to associate with all isozymes. The reversible dehydrogenation of alcohols takes place via a random mechanism with a pathway for the formation of enzyme-NADH-alcohol complex which ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4757-1419-7_17
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacteriophage play many varied roles in microbial ecology and evolution. This chapter collates a vast body of knowledge and expertise on Yersinia pestis phages, including the history of their isolation and classical methods for their isolation and identification. The genomic diversity of Y. pestis phage and bacterioph...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-94-024-0890-4_13
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cells that build the nervous system, either this is a small network of ganglia or a complicated primate brain, are called neural stem and progenitor cells. Even though the very primitive and the very recent neural stem cells (NSCs) share common basic characteristics that are hard-wired within their character, such...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-69194-7_6
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:For the better understanding of the molecular mechanism of E-C coupling, two key questions remain to be resolved: (a) how the excitation signal elicited in the T-tubule membrane is transmitted to the ryanodine receptor, RyR (signal transmission), and (b) how the signal transmitted from the T-tubule to the RyR is trans...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4684-6039-1_23
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The process of creating a translation-competent mRNA is highly complex and involves numerous steps including transcription, splicing, addition of modifications, and, finally, export to the cytoplasm. Historically, much of the research on regulation of gene expression at the level of the mRNA has been focused on either...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-030-31434-7_2
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gonadal and adrenal hormone levels appear to be linked to the stressors experienced by young adolescents. Adjustment problems were accompanied by a profile of lower gonadal steroids and higher adrenal androgen levels, primarily androstenedione. Later gonadal maturation may be a result of stress suppressing the reprodu...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4899-2064-5_27
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Allospecific suppressor T cells can be generated by allostimulating thymus, spleen and lymph node cells in culture. Bone marrow cells do not yield suppressor lymphocytes. While the efficiency of thymocytes for suppressor cell generation decreases with the age of thymus donors, the efficiency of spleen increases with a...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-9101-6_48
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this work was to establish a novel and robust technology, based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry, as a practical tool for measurement of tumor oxygen. Previously, we have reported on the development of oxygen-sensing paramagnetic crystals (LiNc-BuO) encapsulated in a biocompatible pol...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-55231-6_41
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After some notions on the mechanisms of action of radio-waves on solid tumours, the treatise illustrates the results achieved in the first 125 cases of malignant tumours treated with this method, its results are definitely encouraging, even in cases apparently with no hope. It also describes briefly the histologic mod...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4684-5766-7_41
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer in men with high morbidity and mortality. However, the current treatment with drugs often leads to chemotherapy resistance. It is known that the multi-disciplines research on molecular imaging is very helpful for early diagnosing, staging, restaging and precise t...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-99286-0_6
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:All who have contributed in writing this chapter have been patients and parents that have experienced an horrific life event. The horrific disease named necrotising fasciitis has affected our lives for ever. All four stories have explained how easily an everyday infection can develop incredibly quickly into a life-thr...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5_2
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Parathion is a widely used organophosphoric pesticide which has also been reported to interfere with mouse spermatogenesis. Moreover it has been related to prenatal toxicity in mammals. Sixteen A/ Snell mice were sacrificed at day 17 of pregnancy. Testes and epididymides of the male fetuses were implanted in the allan...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4899-0089-0_23
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exposure to sunlight is a major source of vitamin D for most people. Yet public health advice has focused overwhelmingly on avoiding exposure of unprotected skin because of the risks of erythema and skin cancer. Given that there are also health risks associated with low vitamin D status, we explore the possibilities o...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_20
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Eleven weeks after surgery, a fine microvessel network was seen in the feet of patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans treated by distal vein arterialization. A possible mechanism for establishment of blood flow to, and biological maintenance of, the graft in the foot, in relation to oxygen consumption rate during w...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-4989-8_34
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most of evolutionary theory has abstracted away from how information is coded in the genome and how this information is transformed into traits on which selection takes place. While in the earliest stages of biological evolution, in the RNA world, the mapping from the genotype into function was largely predefined by t...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-3567-9_10
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The basic physical and functional unit of heredity; made up of DNA, they act as instructions to make proteins. There are about 20,000-25,000 genes in humans, with size varying from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. Most genes are the same in all people; less than 1% differ. Each person has two copi...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-95046-4_7
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Model organisms are widely used in research that is ultimately aimed at understanding the causes and consequences of human disease. It may seem counterintuitive to expect clinically useful information to be obtained from species as diverse as fishes and insects, but because fundamental biological mechanisms share evol...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-62414-3_9
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fatty acid oxidation increases in response to exercise, but at high intensities the contribution of fatty acid oxidation to energy production decreases. The carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) complex appears to be a plausible site of regulation of fatty acid oxidation at rest and during exercise. Muscle malonyl-CoA...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4899-1928-1_22
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Savinase and Esperase (EC. 3.4.21.14) are secreted by the alkalophilic bacterium Bacillus lentus and are representatives of that subgroup of subtilisin enzymes with maximum stability in the range of pH 7 to 10 and high activity in the range of pH 8 to 12. The crystal structures of native Savinase and diisopropyl fluor...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4613-0319-0_7
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The allosteric property of globular proteins is applauded as their intrinsic ability to regulate distant sites, and this property further plays a critical role in a wide variety of cellular regulatory mechanisms. Recent advancements and studies have revealed the manifestation of allostery in intrinsically disordered p...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-981-13-8719-7_14
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Our knowledge of plant sphingolipid metabolism and function has significantly increased over the past years. This applies mainly to the identification and the functional characterization of genes and enzymes involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis. In addition a number of plant mutants have provided new insights into sp...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-6741-1_18
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Dissemination and Exploitation Consensus Panel (DECP) is a panel of experts drawn from areas with relevant expertise who advise the Early Nutrition Programming Project (EARNEST) on how the results from the project can best be disseminated and exploited and their uses maximised. They meet annually and have discusse...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4020-9173-5_23
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Psychological therapies in order to provide cognitive enhancement have gained some momentum the last decades. The goal of this case study was to evaluate the effects of a cognitive enhancement training program on daily living activities, cognition, and depression in a demented elderly participant. A 6-month training p...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-57379-3_9
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myocytes are characterized by the presence of highly specialized cytoskeletal structures that are part of regularly spaced functional units distributed over long distances. In this chapter we discuss previously published evidence as well as novel data showing that the proper positioning and architecture of Z-disks and...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-0-387-84847-1_12
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
