Abstract:
:The use of prescription stimulants to enhance healthy cognition has significant social, ethical, and public health implications. The large number of enhancement users across various ages and occupations emphasizes the importance of examining these drugs' efficacy in a nonclinical sample. The present meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the magnitude of the effects of methylphenidate and amphetamine on cognitive functions central to academic and occupational functioning, including inhibitory control, working memory, short-term episodic memory, and delayed episodic memory. In addition, we examined the evidence for publication bias. Forty-eight studies (total of 1,409 participants) were included in the analyses. We found evidence for small but significant stimulant enhancement effects on inhibitory control and short-term episodic memory. Small effects on working memory reached significance, based on one of our two analytical approaches. Effects on delayed episodic memory were medium in size. However, because the effects on long-term and working memory were qualified by evidence for publication bias, we conclude that the effect of amphetamine and methylphenidate on the examined facets of healthy cognition is probably modest overall. In some situations, a small advantage may be valuable, although it is also possible that healthy users resort to stimulants to enhance their energy and motivation more than their cognition.
journal_name
J Cogn Neuroscijournal_title
Journal of cognitive neuroscienceauthors
Ilieva IP,Hook CJ,Farah MJdoi
10.1162/jocn_a_00776subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-06-01 00:00:00pages
1069-89issue
6eissn
0898-929Xissn
1530-8898journal_volume
27pub_type
杂志文章,meta分析abstract::Abstract Previous research suggests that the right hemisphere (RH) may contribute uniquely to the processing of metaphoric language. However, causal relationships between local brain activity in the RH and metaphors comprehension were never established. In addition, most studies have focused on familiar metaphoric exp...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20005
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) method was used to study the effect of working memory processing on local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in the diencephalon of the rhesus monkey. Monkeys were given [(14)C]2-DG while performing either one of three tasks that engaged working memory (WORK group) or one of two control task...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.1990.2.1.18
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The perceptual system integrates synchronized auditory-visual signals in part to promote individuation of objects in cluttered environments. The processing of auditory-visual synchrony may more generally contribute to cognition by synchronizing internally generated multimodal signals. Reading is a prime example becaus...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01052
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Memory improves when encoding and retrieval processes overlap. Here, we investigated how the neural bases of long-term memory encoding vary as a function of the degree to which functional processes engaged at study are engaged again at test. In an incidental learning paradigm, electrical brain activity was recorded fr...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00070
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cognitive conflict detection and resolution develops with age across childhood and likely supports age-related increases in other aspects of cognitive and emotional development. Little is known about the neural correlates of conflict detection and resolution in early childhood. In the current study, we investigated ag...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00597
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Electrophysiological studies using event-related potentials have demonstrated that face stimuli elicit a greater negative brain potential in right posterior recording sites 170 msec after stimulus onset (N170) relative to nonface stimuli. Results from repetition priming paradigms have shown that repeated exposures of ...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1488
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Using a speeded lexical decision task, event-related potentials (ERPs), and minimum norm current source estimates, we investigated early spatiotemporal aspects of cortical activation elicited by words and pseudo-words that varied in their orthographic typicality, that is, in the frequency of their component letter pai...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.5.818
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The interaction between auditory and visual speech streams is a seamless and surprisingly effective process. An intriguing example is the "McGurk effect": The acoustic syllable /ba/ presented simultaneously with a mouth articulating /ga/ is typically heard as /da/ [McGurk, H., & MacDonald, J. Hearing lips and seeing v...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20152
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two coordinated experiments using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) investigated whether the brain represents language form (grammatical structure) separately from its meaning content (semantics). While in the scanner, 14 young, unimpaired adults listened to simple sentences that were either nonanomalous or...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/08989290051137648
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intending to perform an action and then immediately executing it is a mundane process. The cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in this process of "proximal" intention formation and execution, in the face of multiple options to choose from, are not clear, however. Especially, it is not clear how intentions are for...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00842
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Perceptual learning is sometimes characterized by rapid improvements in performance within the first hour of training (fast perceptual learning), which may be accompanied by changes in sensory and/or response pathways. Here, we report rapid physiological changes in the human auditory system that coincide with learning...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21279
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::To discriminate and to recognize sound sources in a noisy, reverberant environment, listeners need to perceptually integrate the direct wave with the reflections of each sound source. It has been confirmed that perceptual fusion between direct and reflected waves of a speech sound helps listeners recognize this speech...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21470
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This investigation combined behavioral and functional neuroimaging measures to explore whether perception of pain is modulated by the target's stigmatized status and whether the target bore responsibility for that stigma. During fMRI scanning, participants were exposed to a series of short video clips featuring age-ma...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21266
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The fundamental role that our long-term memories play in guiding perception is increasingly recognized, but the functional and neural mechanisms are just beginning to be explored. Although experimental approaches are being developed to investigate the influence of long-term memories on perception, these remain mostly ...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01172
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We conducted two fMRI studies to investigate the sensitivity of delay-period activity to changes in memory load during a delayed-recognition task for faces. In Experiment 1, each trial began with the presentation of a memory array consisting of one, two, or three faces that lasted for 3 sec. A 15-sec delay period foll...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/089892900564091
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Free recall is a fundamental paradigm for studying memory retrieval in the context of minimal cue support. Accordingly, free recall has been extensively studied using behavioral methods. However, the neural mechanisms that support free recall have not been fully investigated due to technical challenges associated with...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21350
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Right-handed participants performed categorical and coordinate spatial relation tasks on stimuli presented either to the left visual field-right hemisphere (LVF-RH) or to the right visual field-left hemisphere (RVF-LH). The stimuli were either unfiltered or low-pass filtered (i.e., devoid of high spatial frequency con...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1162/0898929042568604
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Right hemisphere lesions often lead to severe disorders in spatial awareness and behavior, such as left hemispatial neglect. Neglect involves not only pathological biases in attention and exploration but also deficits in internal representations of space and spatial working memory. Here we designed a new paradigm to t...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.8.1388
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Holding biological motion (BM), the movements of animate entities, in working memory (WM) is important to our daily social life. However, how BM is maintained in WM remains unknown. The current study investigated this issue and hypothesized that, analogous to BM perception, the human mirror neuron system (MNS) is invo...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00687
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neglect dyslexia, a reading impairment acquired as a consequence of brain injury, is traditionally interpreted as a disturbance of selective attention. Patients with neglect dyslexia may ignore the left side of an open book, the beginning words of a line of text, or the beginning letters of a single word. These patien...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.1990.2.2.96
更新日期:1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::People can discriminate real words from nonwords even when the latter are orthographically and phonologically word-like, presumably because words activate specific lexical and/or semantic information. We investigated the neural correlates of this identification process using event-related functional magnetic resonance...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/089892903321593108
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In two experiments participants read words and pseudowords that belonged to either large or small lexical neighborhoods while event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from their scalps. In Experiment 1, participants made speeded lexical decisions to all items, while in Experiment 2 they engaged in a go/no-g...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/089892902760191153
更新日期:2002-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::After prolonged fixation, a stationary object placed in the peripheral visual field fades and disappears from our visual awareness, especially at low luminance contrast (the Troxler effect). Here, we report that similar fading can be triggered by visual transients, such as additional visual stimuli flashed near the ob...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/089892903322307384
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many aspects of perception and cognition are supported by activity in neural populations that are tuned to different stimulus features (e.g., orientation, spatial location, color). Goal-directed behavior, such as sustained attention, requires a mechanism for the selective prioritization of contextually appropriate rep...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00955
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although much evidence indicates that RT increases as a function of computational load in many cognitive tasks, quantification of changes in neural activity related to increasing demand of cognitive control has rarely been attempted. In this fMRI study, we used a majority function task to quantify the effect of comput...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00554
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a popular tool for mapping perceptual and cognitive processes in the human brain. It uses a magnetic field to stimulate the brain, modifying ongoing activity in neural tissue under the stimulating coil, producing an effect that has been likened to a "virtual lesion." However,...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20048
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Selectively retrieving a target memory among related memories requires some degree of inhibitory control over interfering and competing memories, a process assumed to be supported by inhibitory mechanisms. Evidence from behavioral studies suggests that such inhibitory control can lead to subsequent forgetting of the i...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21043
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We studied the correlation between perception and hemodynamic activity in the visual cortex in a change detection task. Whenever the observer perceived the location of a change, rightly or wrongly, the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal increased in the primary visual cortex and the nearby extrastriate areas abo...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.2.331
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The posterior STS (pSTS) is an important brain region for perceptual analysis of social cognitive cues. This study seeks to characterize the pattern of network connectivity emerging from the pSTS in three core social perception localizers: biological motion perception, gaze recognition, and the interpretation of movin...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01054
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The global structural arrangement and spatial layout of the visual environment must be derived from the integration of local signals represented in the lower tiers of the visual system. This interaction between the spatially local and global properties of visual stimulation underlies many of our visual capacities, and...
journal_title:Journal of cognitive neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00588
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00