Motor vehicles.

abstract：:We have presented the current concepts of gastrointestinal ontogeny--the various factors governing the ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract and the interaction and intricate relationship between different determinants. It is only through a better understanding of the development of the gut and the various factors af...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Lebenthal E,Leung YK

更新日期：1988-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Asthmatic children living in low-income families in United States inner city communities continue to have disproportionately high rates of hospitalizations, emergency department visits, disability, and death. Current research implicates a combination of environmental, biologic, and disease mismanagement factors that u...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Federico MJ,Liu AH

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances in science and technology have led to the capability of early screening of newborn infants for congenital hypothyroidism. Preliminary screening programs in North America have been established in Quebec and in the Northwestern and Northeastern United States. To date these programs have screened approxim...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Fisher DA

更新日期：1978-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Deformities are abnormalities of shape or form caused by abnormal or imbalanced mechanical forces. In prenatal deformation, most infants are intrinsically normal and the deformation results from extrinsic constraining forces. Most prenatal deformities will resolve spontaneously or with the application of counteracting...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Dunne KB,Clarren SK

更新日期：1986-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Breast lesions, including mastalgia; benign proliferative changes; and benign masses, including fibroadenomas, are common in adolescents and young adult women. Breast cancer is rare in women less than 20 years old and uncommon in women less than 30 years old. Discrete masses in women less than 30 years old that do not...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Neinstein LS

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Prevention of enuresis has not been studied directly. Positive results from a randomized clinical trial evaluating early intervention for children at risk for enuresis would establish the value of prevention and help to promote its practice. Enuresis is not a disease process, and therefore a clinical trial may never b...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Friman PC

更新日期：1986-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With the recent mandate for early intervention services, the pediatrician is more involved than ever in the identification and evaluation of children with developmental disabilities. Developmental surveillance at routine visits and listening to parental concerns are crucial in the early diagnosis of developmental dela...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Levy SE,Hyman SL

更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genetic and environmental factors (breast feeding, probably viral infections) play a role in the expression of the disease. Prevalence of GSE in childhood did not substantially decrease in the last 15 years in all European countries, where GSE is still more common in infantile age and presents frequently gastrointesti...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Auricchio S,Greco L,Troncone R

更新日期：1988-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most children with cancer are immunocompromised during therapy and for a variable period after completion of therapy. They are at an increased risk of infections, including vaccine-preventable infections. There is a reduction in immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases after completion of standard-dose chemotherapy an...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Patel SR,Chisholm JC,Heath PT

更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, with most children maintaining symptoms of ADHD as adolescents and as adults. It is among the most common chronic conditions that primary care pediatricians see. Progress in brain imaging, genetics, neuropsychology, and ...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Reiff MI,Stein MT

更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Selected topics of violence against children and adolescents that occur in countries outside of the United States are discussed. Focus is given to middle-income and low-income countries and emphasis is placed on the epidemiology of this pressing public health problem, particularly on conditions that are peculiar to ch...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Forjuoh SN,Zwi AB

更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Important first steps have been taken towards establishing how some nutrients interact with genes and affect intestinal adaptation. These mechanisms may be typical of how other nutrients influence cell function and turnover and help to maintain intestinal integrity. The dietary effects of nucleotides on intestinal cel...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： LeLeiko NS,Walsh MJ

更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is one of the most common pediatric surgical procedures performed in the United States; more than 530,000 are performed annually in children younger than 15 years of age. AT was traditionally performed for recurrent tonsillitis and its sequelae but in recent times, sleep-disordered breathing/ob...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Ramos SD,Mukerji S,Pine HS

更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurodevelopmental disorders with identified genetic etiologies present a unique opportunity to study gene-brain-behavior connections in child psychiatry. Parsing complex human behavior into dissociable components is facilitated by examining a relatively homogenous genetic population. As children with developmental de...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Siegel MS,Smith WE

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ultimately, after gathering and assessing all available evidence, pediatricians and health care policymakers must make informed decisions on whether exposure to a specific agent has the potential to cause cancer in children. In the case of DES, for which the results were clear, there was no question that the drug shou...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： DeBaun MR,Gurney JG

更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although the benefits of rhGH and r-HuEPO therapy in children with CRF and on dialysis are already significant, further study of these new additions to the therapeutic arsenal remains necessary. Data on the final adult height achieved in patients who receive rhGH are extremely important information that is as yet unav...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Warady BA,Jabs K

更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cow's milk allergy (CMA) affects 2% to 3% of young children and presents with a wide range of IgE and non-IgE-mediated clinical syndromes, which have a significant economic and lifestyle effect. It is logical that a review of CMA would be linked to a review of soy allergy because soy formula is often an alternative so...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Kattan JD,Cocco RR,Järvinen KM

更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Endocrine disorders are common in infants in the neonatal ICU. They often are associated with prematurity, low birth weight or very low birth weight, and small size for gestational age. They also frequently occur in infants who are critically ill or stressed. This article describes the most common conditions and curre...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Hyman SJ,Novoa Y,Holzman I

更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thermodilution systems for the measurement of cardiac output constitute a reliable and relatively noninvasive method which is ideal for small patients, particularly infants and small children. Thermodilution is an important new advance in the monitoring of critically ill children in that it measures cardiac output dir...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Moodie DS

更新日期：1980-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Renal arteriography remains the only study to identify and define correctly both location and extent of renal artery stenosis. Because other studies do not adequately identify all children who have renal artery disease, it is reasonable to perform renal arteriography in those children with severe hypertension who do n...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Hiner LB,Falkner B

更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is increasingly recognized in children. There is accumulating robust evidence to support early diagnosis and treatment of this condition. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the epidemiology, clinical features, complications, and treatment of childhood OSA. The authors h...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Au CT,Li AM

更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article provides an overview of the composition of human milk, its variation, and its clinical relevance. The composition of human milk is the biological norm for infant nutrition. Human milk also contains many hundreds to thousands of distinct bioactive molecules that protect against infection and inflammation a...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Ballard O,Morrow AL

更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:College-age young women frequently experience a variety of menstrual-related complaints, including dysmenorrheal, menorrhagia, irregular menses, and menstrual-related mood changes. These problems deserve careful evaluation; they may reflect normal ovulatory menstrual symptoms or be suggestive of significant pathology ...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Adams Hillard PJ,Deitch HR

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Derangements of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis are an inevitable part of acute renal failure. Understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders is essential to treating and preventing potentially life-threatening complications. Appropriate nutritional support is also an important part of management i...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Feld LG,Cachero S,Springate JE

更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neonatal surgery has reached a high degree of sophistication. We are now entering a new era of widespread screening of the unborn by means of ultrasound, with planned intrauterine, intrapartum, and immediate postpartum interventions. Many pediatric surgical centers are now focusing their investigative efforts on eluci...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Jona JZ

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The presence of certain medical or orthopedic conditions need not preclude adolescents from being physically active and participating in sports. The benefits of continued physical activity far outweigh any concerns for potential complications for most such conditions. This article reviews sport participation guideline...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Diokno E,Rowe D

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hyperthyroidism in infants and children usually is caused by Graves' disease; however, several other diseases can also produce hyperthyroidism in these age groups. Because the pathophysiology and clinical course of these conditions differ, optimal treatment depends on precise diagnosis. ...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Zimmerman D,Gan-Gaisano M

更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article focuses on the current status of in utero catheter interventions for congenital heart disease. The discussion of fetal interventions for cardiac defects briefly reviews the evolution of approaches to congenital heart disease and issues surrounding the prenatal detection of cardiac defects, the rationale f...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Tworetzky W,Marshall AC

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Disorders of excessive sleepiness are uncommon in children. When they occur, the presentation is often consistent with the developmental age of the child and does not meet either historical or laboratory criteria determined with adults in mind. Because of these differences, the true diagnosis can be missed or inadequa...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Givan DC

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The family is the most central and enduring influence on children. Families, regardless of their composition, are themselves subject to a variety of social forces that influence how well they are able to meet children's needs. Pediatricians who understand the functions families serve and the factors that constrain the...

journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America

authors： Schor EL

更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00