Delayed choice responding by pigeons when the correct response is not predictable from the sample stimulus.

abstract：:Three pigeons were each trained to perform a discrimination problem and a matching problem. Following acquisition, delays of 1 to 7 sec were interposed after stimulus presentation on both problems. Accuracy of responding on these two types of delay procedures was observed to be a function of length of delay interval. ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Smith L

更新日期：1967-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Long-Evans rats were exposed to a succession of conditioned-suppression procedures involving pairings of (1) signal-shock, (2) shock-signal, and (3) a signal-shock-signal sequence in which first and second signals were at first physically identical. Traditional suppression of food-reinforced responding was obtained un...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Davis H,Memmott J,Hurwitz HM

更新日期：1976-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:According to behavioral momentum theory (Nevin & Grace, 2000a), preference in concurrent chains and resistance to change in multiple schedules are independent measures of a common construct representing reinforcement history. Here I review the original studies on preference and resistance to change in which reinforcem...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Grace RC

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Twelve preschool children participated in a study of the effects of explicit training on the imitation of modeled behavior. The responses trained involved a marble-dropping pattern that differed from the modeled pattern. Training consisted of physical prompts and verbal praise during a single session. No prompts or pr...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bondy AS

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Effects of methadone on pigeons' key pecking were examined under four conditions selected to analyze the control of behavior under alternative fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedules. In Condition 1, pigeons pecked under one of three different alternative schedules (alternative fixed-ratio 50 fixed-interval 90 s, alterna...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Egli M,Thompson T

更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A value-like parameter is introduced into a rate equation for describing variable-interval performance. The equation, derived solely from formal considerations, expresses rate of responding as a joint function of rate of reinforcement and "reinforcer power." Preliminary tests of the rate equation show that it handles ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McDowell JJ,Kessel R

更新日期：1979-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Operant conditioning techniques were applied to the study of how target fixations are controlled by the probability of signal occurrence. In a standard vigilance setting, gaze at three illuminable volt meters was monitored by a Mackworth television eye camera with automatic recording capability. Gaze at a given meter ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Rosenberger PB

更新日期：1973-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In three experiments pigeons played (i.e., chose between two colored keys) iterated prisoner's dilemma and other 2 x 2 games (2 participants and 2 options) against response strategies programmed on a computer. Under the prisoner's dilemma pay-off matrix, the birds generally defected (i.e., pecked the color associated ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Green L,Price PC,Hamburger ME

更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The current experiment examined whether adjusting-amount and adjusting-delay procedures provide equivalent measures of discounting. Pigeons' discounting on the two procedures was compared using a within-subject yoking technique in which the indifference point (number of pellets or time until reinforcement) obtained wi...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Green L,Myerson J,Shah AK,Estle SJ,Holt DD

更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to multiple and concurrent second-order schedules of token reinforcement, with stimulus lights serving as token reinforcers. Tokens were produced and exchanged for food according to various fixed-ratio schedules, yielding equal and unequal unit prices (responses per unit food delivery). On one sch...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Foster TA,Hackenberg TD

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The relationship between positive and negative reinforcement and the symmetry of Thorndike's law of effect are unresolved issues in operant psychology. Here we show that, for a given pattern of responding on variable interval (VI) schedules with the same programmed rate of food rewards (positive reinforcement VI) or e...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mallpress DE,Fawcett TW,McNamara JM,Houston AI

更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Observing behavior of two squirrel monkeys was examined under a multiple schedule of four components. Lever (observing) responses produced either a stimulus indicating the availability of food or another stimulus indicating food was not available. Key responses in the presence of the food-available stimulus produced f...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： De Lorge JO,Clark FC

更新日期：1971-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Where do equivalence relations come from? One possible answer is that they arise directly from the reinforcement contingency. That is to say, a reinforcement contingency produces two types of outcome: (a) 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or n-term units of analysis that are known, respectively, as operant reinforcement, simple discrim...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Sidman M

更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An apparatus was developed to study social reinforcement in the rat. Four Long-Evans female rats were trained to press a lever via shaping, with the reinforcer being access to a castrated male rat. Responding under a fixed-ratio schedule and in extinction was also observed. Social access was found to be an effective r...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Evans MJ,Duvel A,Funk ML,Lehman B,Sparrow J,Watson NT,Neuringer A

更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Food-deprived golden hamsters in a large enclosure received food every 30 sec contingent on lever pressing, or free while their behavior was continuously recorded in terms of an exhaustive classification of motor patterns. As with other species in other situations, behavior became organized into two main classes. One ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Anderson MC,Shettleworth SJ

更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats' lever presses and drinking-tube contacts were studied under fixed-interval schedules of food presentation and under a tandem schedule composed of three fixed intervals. One group of rats was exposed first to the tandem schedule, next to fixed-interval schedules of comparable interpellet intervals, and once again...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McLeod DR,Gollub LR

更新日期：1976-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Escape responses of squirrel monkeys were reinforced according to a fixed-ratio schedule. The reinforcement was a period of safety from a stimulus that signalled the delivery of intermittent pain-shocks. When the frequency of shock was gradually reduced, the performance remained at a high level until the shocks were q...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： AZRIN NH,HOLZ WC,HAKE DF,AYLLON T

更新日期：1963-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four pigeons responded under a two-component multiple schedule of reinforcement. Responses were reinforced in one component under a variable-ratio schedule and in the other component under a variable-interval schedule. It was found that when rates of reinforcement were equal in the two components, the rate of response...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zuriff GE

更新日期：1970-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments used pigeons in an autoshaping procedure and a single-subject design to examine compound stimulus control in classical conditioning. Experiment 1 examined the blocking effect, and Experiment 2 examined the unblocking effect. In both experiments, response-independent food was first delivered intermitt...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Khallad Y,Moore J

更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Punishment of bar-pressing responses of rhesus monkeys with electric shock in one component of a multiple free-operant avoidance schedule suppressed responding in that component. These decreases were concomitant with response rate increases in the unpunished component (punishment contrast). Response rates in both comp...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lattal KA,Griffin MA

更新日期：1972-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four pigeons were trained on a multiple reinforcement schedule consisting of two limited-hold schedules, one in which a discriminative stimulus (S(D)) accompanied the periodic reinforcement contingency, and one in which the discriminative stimulus was omitted. The duration of the limited-hold in each component of the ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： WEISSMAN A

更新日期：1963-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons worked on concurrent variable-interval, variable-interval schedules with the alternatives signaled by slides either containing trees or not. The schedules were designed to hold both overall and relative rates of reinforcement within narrowly constrained limits, and slides were quasi-randomly ordered each day. ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Vaughan W,Herrnstein RJ

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study examined the role of learning history on the acquisition of a matching-to-sample task. Twelve preschool children learned four stimulus classes through instructions, shaping, or imitation. After reaching criterion, the subjects were exposed to changed discrimination contingencies to determine how each learni...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Michael RL,Bernstein DJ

更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies with rats and pigeons showed that reinforcement of response variability improved learning of difficult response sequences. The results suggested that concurrent reinforcement of variability might be a helpful tool when educators or therapists attempt to teach individuals with learning difficulties. However, si...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Hansson J,Neuringer A

更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lewis rats have been shown to make more impulsive choices than Fischer 344 rats in discrete-trial choice procedures that arrange fixed (i.e., nontitrating) reinforcement parameters. However, nontitrating procedures yield only gross estimates of preference, as choice measures in animal subjects are rarely graded at the...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Stein JS,Pinkston JW,Brewer AT,Francisco MT,Madden GJ

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The present experiment examined the effects of acute and daily cocaine on spontaneous behavior patterns of pigeons. After determining the acute effects of a range of doses, 9 pigeons were divided into three groups that received one of three doses of cocaine daily, either 1.0, 3.0, or 10.0 mg/kg cocaine. Measures were ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Pinkston JW,Branch MN

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats were required to complete varying numbers of licks (FR), ranging from 10 to 300, in order to free an activity wheel for predetermined times (CT) ranging from 2 to 20 sec. The reinforcement of drinking by running was shown both by an increased frequency of licking, and by changes in length of the burst of licking ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： PREMACK D,SCHAEFFER RW,HUNDT A

更新日期：1964-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Impulsive choice can be defined as temporary preference for a smaller-sooner reward (SS) over a larger-later reward (LL). Hyperbolic discounting implies that impulsive choices will occur less when organisms choose between a series of SSs versus LLs all at once than when they choose between single SS versus LL pairs. E...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Ainslie G,Monterosso JR

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two experiments investigated the effect of observing responses that enabled college students to emit more efficient distributions of reinforced responses. In Experiment 1, the gains of response efficiency enabled by observing were minimized through use of identical low-effort response requirements in two alternating v...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Case DA,Fantino E,Wixted J

更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When a neutral cue is followed by a significant event such as food delivery, some animals become engaged with the cue itself and acquire cue-directed behaviors. One type of cue-directed behavior is observed following insertion of a lever used as a conditioned stimulus (CS). Rats showing robust approach behavior to the...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Olshavsky ME,Shumake J,Rosenthal AA,Kaddour-Djebbar A,Gonzalez-Lima F,Setlow B,Lee HJ

更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00