Abstract:
:This study develops water footprint scenarios for 2050 based on a number of drivers of change: population growth, economic growth, production/trade pattern, consumption pattern (dietary change, bioenergy use) and technological development. The objective the study is to understand the changes in the water footprint (WF) of production and consumption for possible futures by region and to elaborate the main drivers of this change. In addition, we assess virtual water flows between the regions of the world to show dependencies of regions on water resources in other regions under different possible futures. We constructed four scenarios, along two axes, representing two key dimensions of uncertainty: globalization versus regional selfsufficiency, and economy-driven development versus development driven by social and environmental objectives. The study shows how different drivers will change the level of water consumption and pollution globally in 2050. The presented scenarios can form a basis for a further assessment of how humanity can mitigate future freshwater scarcity. We showed with this study that reducing humanity's water footprint to sustainable levels is possible even with increasing populations, provided that consumption patterns change. This study can help to guide corrective policies at both national and international levels, and to set priorities for the years ahead in order to achieve sustainable and equitable use of the world's fresh water resources.
journal_name
Environ Intjournal_title
Environment internationalauthors
Ercin AE,Hoekstra AYdoi
10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.019subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-03-01 00:00:00pages
71-82eissn
0160-4120issn
1873-6750pii
S0160-4120(13)00279-1journal_volume
64pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) exert harmful effects on cognitive, endocrine and immune functions and bioaccumulate in the environment and human tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the body burden of several POPs in the adult population (n=246) and their association to diet and other lifestyle fact...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.10.010
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the aftermath of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, a research group of the Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità) carried out two research programmes on maternal milk. One concerned the transfer of caesium radionuclides from the diet to breast milk. In the other, the activity ...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.10.010
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Detailed polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) signatures and chiral Enantiomer Fractions (EFs) of CB-95, CB-136 and CB-149 were measured for 30 workers at a transformer dismantling plant. This was undertaken to identify sources of exposure and investigate changes to the PCB signature and EFs over different exposure periods....
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.04.006
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Few studies have examined the risk of long-term exposure to source-specific airborne pollutants on incidence of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVES:We aimed to estimate the effect of long-term exposure to source-specific air pollution and particulate matter (PM) components on incidence of ...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105854
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:A broad range of interventions have been implemented to improve ambient air quality, and many of these have been evaluated. Yet to date no systematic review has been conducted to identify and synthesize these studies. In this systematic review, we assess the effectiveness of interventions in reducing ambient...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105400
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epidemiologic studies have revealed higher concentrations of the metabolites of phthalic acid esters (mPAEs) in patients with type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, oxidative stress, adiponectin, and inflammatory cytokines play important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. However, little informa...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.09.002
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous in the environment, making it inevitable for humans to be exposed to these pollutants. The exposure begins while in utero and continues in infancy, during the potentially most sensitive early stages of life. This review summarizes the current knowledge on pre-...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106012
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Indoor and outdoor endotoxin in PM2.5 was measured for the very first time in Santiago, Chile, in spring 2012. Average endotoxin concentrations were 0.099 and 0.094 [EU/m(3)] for indoor (N=44) and outdoor (N=41) samples, respectively; the indoor-outdoor correlation (log-transformed concentrations) was low: R=-0.06, 95...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.039
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Based on a theoretical revision of the social vulnerability concept, this article proposes a scheme of vulnerability indicators within the human environment focused on different aetiology risks. An adaptation of this generic scheme of vulnerability factors is set for the specific field of aquifer contamination risk, a...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.08.005
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Internationally publicized impacts upon human health associated with potentially harmful element (PHE) exposure have been reported amongst internally displaced populations (IDPs) in Mitrovica, Kosovo, following the Kosovan War. Particular concern has surrounded the exposure to Pb indicated by the presence of highly el...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.014
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Inhalation of asbestos induces lung cancer via different cellular mechanisms. Together with the increased production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grows the concern about adverse effects on the lungs given the similarities with asbestos. While it has been established that CNT and asbestos induce epigenetic al...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105530
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the use of alternative flame retardants in consumer products to comply with flammability standards. In contrast to PBDEs, information on the occurrence and fate of these alternative compounds in the environment is limited, particularly ...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.005
更新日期:2012-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Aquatic, amphibious, and terrestrial organisms in or around a pond that was contaminated by e-waste were collected and persistent halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) for these species were analyzed. Based on the stable isotope and dietary composition, the aquatic and terrestrial food webs and several insect-dominate...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105674
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transfer and toxic effects of two cadmium (Cd) forms, inorganic (CdCl2 dosed rat food) or organic (contaminated snail-based rat food) were studied in Wistar rat. Cd concentrations in rat food were 0 and 2.5 microg Cd g(-1) for both inorganic and organic forms and a high concentration of 100 microg Cd g(-1) was also te...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.09.003
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Dioxins, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, brominated flame retardants, bisphenol A, triclosan, perfluorinated compounds and phthalates are known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). OBJECTIVES:The aim of our study was to investigate whether higher exposure to EDCs is associated with increased subfertility...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.017
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Phenol exposure during pregnancy has been associated with preterm birth, but the potential effect of preconception exposure in either parent is unknown. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that the preconception period is a critical window of vulnerability for adverse pregnancy outcomes. OBJECTIV...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105523
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The EU directives on air quality force member states to inform the public on the status of the ambient air quality. The Internet is commonly used for this purpose and often air quality is being presented as an index ranging from good to bad. A review of existing websites and air quality indices shows that the way air ...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.011
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies of the effects on pregnancy outcomes of in utero exposure to phthalates, contaminants that are widely present in the environment, have yielded conflicting results. In addition, the mode of assessment of exposure varies between studies. The aim of this review was therefore to establish a current state of knowle...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.003
更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Total urinary phthalate metabolites (the free plus glucuronidated forms) have been frequently measured in the general population. However, data are limited on the free forms which may be more bioactive, especially for sensitive population such as pregnant women. Here the data gap was addressed by measuring concentrati...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.004
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Food chain models are essential tools to assess risks of soil contamination in view of product quality including fodder crops and animal products. Here we link soil to plant transfer (SPT) models for potentially toxic elements (PTEs) including As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, U and Zn with models describing accumul...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.005
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Evidence on health effects of ultrafine particles (UFP) is still limited as they are usually not monitored routinely. The few epidemiological studies on UFP and (cause-specific) mortality so far have reported inconsistent results. OBJECTIVES:The main objective of the UFIREG project was to investigate the sh...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.006
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nematodes represent a very abundant group of soil organisms and non-parasitic species are important for soil quality and in the soil food web. In recent years, it has been shown that nematodes are appropriate bioindicators of soil condition and they are also suitable organisms for laboratory toxicity testing. The aims...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2005.08.031
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In competing risks settings, the cause-specific cumulative incidence function is of great interest since it quantifies cumulative risk in the presence of other causes. To date, however, long-term cancer- and noncancer-specific mortality in Yusho patients exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxin...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106320
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::On February 12-15, 2001, more than 200 scientists, engineers, decision makers, and educators participated in a conference on the "Future Directions in Air Quality Research: Ecological, Atmospheric, Regulatory/Policy, and Educational Issues." Important perspectives are summarized from the keynote addresses of noted sci...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00155-1
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Environmental contamination caused by extra heavy oil-based drill cuttings (DCs) is a major problem in the Liaohe Oilfield, northeastern China. To study the potential effectiveness of the mature reed wetland in removing extra heavy oil contained in drill cuttings, biodegradation of extra heavy oils and study of the ef...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2003.10.003
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::High antibiotic releases from manufacturing facilities have been identified as a risk factor for antibiotic resistance development in bacterial pathogens. However, the role of antibiotic pollution in selection and transferability of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is still limited. In this study, we analyzed efflue...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.007
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lakes are one of the natural reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in environments. Long retention times in lakes potentially allow ARGs to persist and may create increased opportunities for the emergence of resistant pathogens. In this study, we investigated the prevalence, source and dissemination risk of...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.048
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Being persistent, toxic, and bio-accumulative, Mercury (Hg) seriously affects the environment and human health. Due to Hg's attribute of long-range environmental transport across national borders, especially through atmospheric transport, no country can fully protect its environment and human health with its own effor...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.023
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may predispose to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but prospective human evidence is scarce. OBJECTIVES:We investigated the association between plasma-POP concentrations in the late 1990s and incident T2D over 11 years of follow-up in the Nurses' Hea...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.010
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cadmium exposure is associated with increased urinary calcium excretion. Hypercalciuria is recognised as a major risk factor for kidney stone formation. Increased prevalence of kidney stones among those occupationally exposed to cadmium has previously been suggested. Food is the main source of cadmium exposure in the ...
journal_title:Environment international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.008
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00