Abstract：
:Helminths are masterful immunoregulators. A characteristic feature of helminth infection is a Th2-dominated immune response, but stimulation of immunoregulatory cell populations, such as regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, is equally common. Typically, Th1/17 immunity is blocked and productive effector responses are muted, allowing survival of the parasite in a "modified Th2" environment. Drug treatment to clear the worms reverses the immunoregulatory effects, indicating that a state of active suppression is maintained by the parasite. Hence, research has focussed on "excretory-secretory" products released by live parasites, which can interfere with every aspect of host immunity from initial recognition to end-stage effector mechanisms. In this review, we survey our knowledge of helminth secreted molecules, and summarise current understanding of the growing number of individual helminth mediators that have been shown to target key receptors or pathways in the mammalian immune system.
journal_name
Mol Biochem Parasitoljournal_title
Molecular and biochemical parasitologyauthors
Hewitson JP,Grainger JR,Maizels RMdoi
10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.04.008subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-09-01 00:00:00pages
1-11issue
1eissn
0166-6851issn
1872-9428pii
S0166-6851(09)00122-4journal_volume
167pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes is a hallmark of Plasmodium falciparum infection and a key determinant in the particular virulence of this species. Infected erythrocytes bind a variety of host receptors but certain adhesion traits are associated with more severe disease. A large, diverse protein family named P....
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-6851(03)00099-9
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Leishmania GP63 major surface protein gene family encodes multiple isoforms which differ predominantly in the carboxyterminal region. We have isolated 4 full-length gp63 cDNA clones derived from stationary-phase promastigote RNA of a cloned isolate of Leishmania guyanensis, a member of the braziliensis complex. Th...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-6851(93)90107-9
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) are non-protein coding RNAs that could play an important role in regulating the expression of their counterpart protein encoding sense transcript. Although NATs are widespread in most eukaryotic genomes, very little is known about their functions. This study focuses on gaining a be...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111334
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites is a multi-step process requiring specific molecular interactions between merozoites and erythrocyte surface receptors. Human Duffy blood group protein is the receptor for Plasmodium vivax merozoite invasion to red blood cells. The cognate parasite ligand for Duffy protein is ...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.11.005
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:New phosphoproteins appear on the host erythrocyte membrane during Plasmodium berghei and P. chabaudi infection. Distinct proteins having similar properties and all distinguished by isoelectric points of less than 4.0 are identified. Associated with the erythrocyte membranes of P. berghei infected erythrocytes are two...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-6851(88)90020-5
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genomic structure has been determined for a gene encoding a host-protective antigen of the parasitic platyhelminth Taenia ovis. An incomplete cDNA, known as 45W, encodes the protective antigen. Southern hybridisation experiments using 45W cDNA as a probe, revealed that the 45W gene was a member of a multigene family. ...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-6851(94)00104-u
更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Leucine aminopeptidases (LAP; EC 3.4.11.1) are a group of metalloexopeptidases, which catalyze the sequential removal of leucine amino acids from the N-termini of the polypeptides or proteins. In this study, we identified two novel genes that encode LAPs of Clonorchis sinensis (CsLAP1 and CsLAP2) and characterized the...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.11.009
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Post-transcriptional regulation is a key feature controlling gene expression in the protozoan parasite Leishmania. The nine-nucleotide paraflagellar rod regulatory element (PRE) in the 3'UTR of Leishmania mexicana PFR2 is both necessary and sufficient for the observed 10-fold higher level of PFR2 mRNA in promastigotes...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.10.001
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) plays crucial roles in the maintenance of lysosome/vacuole morphology, membrane trafficking and regulation of endolysosome-localized membrane channel activity. In Toxoplasma gondii, we previously reported that PI(3,5)P2 is essential for parasite su...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.03.011
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of Trypanosoma brucei is the most abundant GPI-anchored protein expressed on any cell, and is an essential virulence factor. To determine what structural features affect efficient expression of VSG, we made a series of mutations in two ...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-6851(03)00055-0
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Polymerase chain reaction followed by high resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis is a simple, rapid and accurate method for molecular detection of various nematode species. The objective of the present study was, for the first time, to develop a PCR-HRM assay for the detection of various animal Trichostrongylus spp. A...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111260
更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Parasitic infections are a widespread health problem and research of novel anthelmintic compounds is of the utmost importance. In this study we performed a virtual screening campaign by coupling ligand-based pharmacophore, homology modeling and molecular docking. The virtual screening campaign was conducted using a jo...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111350
更新日期：2021-01-07 00:00:00
abstract：:A polyprotein composed of multiple units arranged in direct tandem arrays has been identified in parasitic and free living nematodes. Analysis of previously cloned units from the Dirofilaria immitis polyprotein antigen (DiPA) indicated the units were nearly identical but here we demonstrate that they segregate into tw...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-6851(96)02721-1
更新日期：1996-11-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Benznidazole is the main drug used to treat Trypanosoma cruzi infections. However, frequent instances of treatment failure have been reported. To better understand potential resistance mechanisms, we analysed three clones isolated from a single parasite population that had undergone benznidazole-selection. These clone...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.01.002
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several proteins synthesized by mature asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum interact with the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. One of these is the mature-parasite-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (MESA; also called PfEMP2), a phosphoprotein of 250-300 kDa, which is found on the internal face of the erythrocyte me...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-6851(90)90029-l
更新日期：1990-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Asexual intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum were shown to have a single isoenzyme of malate dehydrogenase. This malate dehydrogenase was purified to apparent homogeneity using a three-step purification protocol. The parasite malate dehydrogenase had an apparent subunit molecular weight of 32 kDa, a pH optimum of 7...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-6851(92)90240-k
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In Trypanosoma brucei, the generation of knockout mutants is relatively easy compared to other organisms as transfection methods are well established. These methods have their limitations, however, when it comes to the generation of genome-wide libraries that require a minimum of several hundred thousand transformants...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.02.002
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Representatives of all major lineages of eukaryotes contain peroxisomes with similar morphology and mode of biogenesis, indicating a monophyletic origin of the organelles within the common ancestor of all eukaryotes. Peroxisomes originated from the endoplasmic reticulum, but despite a common origin and shared morpholo...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.02.005
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been shown that vaccination with two low molecular mass excretory secretory (ES) antigens of 15 and 24 kDa, respectively, afforded a substantial degree of protection against Haemonchus contortus to sheep. In vitro cultivation of the parasite usually yields a limited amount of these proteins and therefore, recom...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-6851(97)00093-5
更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:EP and GPEET procyclins are the major surface glycoproteins of Trypanosoma brucei in the midgut of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). The procyclin genes are located at the beginning of polycistronic transcription units and are followed by at least one procyclin-associated gene (PAG). The EP/PAG1 locus on one copy of chrom...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.07.005
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The primary S(1) subsite specificity of a recombinant cysteine proteinase, CPB2.8 Delta CTE, of Leishmania mexicana was investigated in a systematic way using a series of peptides derived from Abz-KLRFSKQ-EDDnp in which Arg was substituted by all natural amino acids (where Abz is ortho-amino-benzoyl and EDDnp is N-[2,...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-6851(01)00290-0
更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:TgPrx2 represents a recently discovered cytosolic 1-Cys peroxiredoxin (Prx) from the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Over-expression of the respective gene confers protection against H(2)O(2), suggesting that the protein possesses peroxidase activity. According to the current nomenclature eukaryotic typical ...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.12.008
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A gene encoding the small subunit rRNA (SSUrRNA) has been isolated from the human parasite, Plasmodium malariae. The gene has been sequenced. It contains conserved and variable regions which conform to patterns established for other eukaryotic SSUrRNA genes. Comparisons with other SSUrRNA genes from Plasmodium species...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-6851(91)90096-o
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Leishmania parasites cycle between the alimentary tract of a sandfly vector as free-living promastigotes and the acidified phagolysosomes of the vertebrate host macrophage as aflagellated amastigotes. The differentiation process can be mimicked in host-free culture by switching promastigotes (e.g. 25 degrees C, neutra...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.12.012
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Steroids and retinoids are important regulators of development in invertebrates and vertebrates. The central mediators of action of these compounds are their cognate receptors, which together form a family of proteins known as the nuclear receptor family. Previous studies have demonstrated that the genome of Onchocerc...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-6851(99)00152-8
更新日期：1999-11-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Differences in gene expression between Eimeria bovis sporozoites and first-generation merozoites were analyzed using the technique of differential mRNA display. Approx. 5% of the sequences detected in first-generation merozoites appear to be unique relative to sporozoites. Several of the bands corresponding to merozoi...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-6851(94)00052-o
更新日期：1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The specificity of a range of 125I labelling techniques (Chloramine T, Iodogen, Bolton and Hunter reagent, lactoperoxidase and iodosulfanilic acid) to the surface of the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi was evaluated by autoradiography of sections of labelled worms and of dried SDS-polyacrylamide gels following electr...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-6851(85)90091-x
更新日期：1985-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The activities of carbamoylphosphate synthase, aspartate transcarbamoylase, dihydroorotase, orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase, five of the six enzymes of pyrimidine biosynthesis, have been measured in Crithidia fasciculata, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania major, Trichomonas vagi...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-6851(81)90094-3
更新日期：1981-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microsporidia are highly adapted eukaryotic intracellular parasites that infect a variety of animals. Microsporidia contain no recognisable mitochondrion, but recently have been shown to have evolved from fungi and to possess heat shock protein genes derived from mitochondria. These findings make it clear that microsp...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-6851(01)00356-5
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A novel Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite antigen, STARP (Sporozoite Threonine and Asparagine-Rich Protein), detected consistently on the surface of sporozoites obtained from laboratory strains and field isolates, has been identified and cloned, following a systematic approach aimed at isolating novel non-CS sporozoite...
journal_title：Molecular and biochemical parasitology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-6851(94)00012-3
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
