Abstract：
:The complement system consists of 3 pathways and more than 30 proteins, including those with biological activity that directly or indirectly mediate the effects of this system, plus a set of regulatory proteins necessary to prevent injudicious complement activation on host tissue. The role for complement in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is paradoxic. On one hand, the complement system appears to have protective features in that hereditary homozygous deficiencies of classic pathway components are associated with an increased risk for SLE. On the other hand, immune complex-mediated activation of complement in affected tissues is clearly evident in both experimental and human SLE along with pathologic features that are logical consequences of complement activation. By using accurate mouse models of SLE, we have gained remarkable insights into pathogenic features likely relevant to the human disease, and the ability to test potential therapies, some of which have made it to standard clinical use. Studies in genetically altered mice and using recombinant protein inhibitors of complement have confirmed what was believed but unproven-early complement proteins C1q and C4 are protective whereas complement activation later in the pathways is proinflammatory and deleterious. Two complement inhibitors, soluble complement receptor 1 (TP10, Avant Immunotherapeutics, Needham, MA) and a monoclonal anti-C5 antibody (Eculizumab, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cheshire, CT) have been shown to inhibit complement safely and now are being investigated in a variety of clinical conditions. Although these and others earlier in their clinical development hold promise to be used therapeutically in lupus nephritis, this optimism must be tempered by the fact that the clinical trials to prove this remain fraught with obstacles.
journal_name
Semin Nephroljournal_title
Seminars in nephrologyauthors
Bao L,Quigg RJdoi
10.1016/j.semnephrol.2006.09.009subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-01-01 00:00:00pages
69-80issue
1eissn
0270-9295issn
1558-4488pii
S0270-9295(06)00119-7journal_volume
27pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Thrombotic microangiopathy represents the clinical picture of thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia in the setting of small blood vessel thrombosis, accompanied by varying degrees of organ dysfunction. Well known to both nephrologists and hematologists alike, among the most common and best-studied thrombotic microangi...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.02.007
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The apical membrane epithelial Na(+) channel subunit (ENaC) in series with the basolateral Na(+)/K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase mediates collecting duct Na(+) reabsorption. Aldosterone induces αENaC gene transcription, which appears to be rate limiting for ENaC activity in this segment. Although this response has long ...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2013.05.010
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although systemic hypertension is a common clinical condition, hypertensive emergencies are distinctly unusual in clinical practice. There are some situations, however, that qualify as hypertensive emergencies or urgencies. It is important, therefore, to diagnose these conditions because immediate treatment of severe ...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2005.02.011
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Remarkable advances have been made in the past decade in understanding the pathophysiology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Although the initiating events leading to the onset of proteinuria still are not well defined, it has become increasingly clear that many glomerular diseases can be classified as podocytopathies...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.03.015
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mortality of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, including those receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD), has remained unacceptably high owing to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. It is well recognized that both traditional Framingham risk factors and kidney disease-related risk factors may contr...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2011.01.005
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The intravascular volume consists of 40% to 45% red cells. Their production is controlled predominantly by erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that is secreted particularly when tissue hypoxia is present. Because of this high percentage of the total intravascular volume the question comes to mind that, in addition to hypo...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2005.05.007
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by a combination of arterial and/or venous thrombosis, pregnancy morbidity, and the persistent presence of circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). APS has been described as primary APS when it occurs in the absence of any featur...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.08.009
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nephritic edema results from the primary retention of salt. Acute glomerulonephritis is the prototypical form of the disorder. The stimulus for the salt retention arises within the kidney by an unknown mechanism. As effective arterial blood volume (EABV) was normal at the start of the disease process, it becomes expan...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1053/snep.2001.21653
更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acid-base balance is critical for normal life. Acute and chronic disturbances impact cellular energy metabolism, endocrine signaling, ion channel activity, neuronal activity, and cardiovascular functions such as cardiac contractility and vascular blood flow. Maintenance and adaptation of acid-base homeostasis are most...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2019.04.004
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The identification of natriuretic peptides as key regulators of natriuresis and vasodilatation, and the appreciation that their secretion is under the control of cardiac hemodynamic and neurohumoral factors, has caused wide interest. The natriuretic peptides are structurally similar, but genetically distinct peptides ...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1053/snep.2002.35666
更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) isoforms are profibrotic cytokines, par excellence, and have complex multifunctional effects on many systems, depending on the biologic setting. Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives that also have diverse effects in development, physiology, and disease. The interactions between thes...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.04.008
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One of the most important and lethal effects of animal venoms is nephrotoxicity. In Latin America, severe acute kidney injury has been reported after accidents with poisonous arthropods such as bees, caterpillars of the genus Lonomia, and spiders of the genus Loxosceles. In this article the characteristics of these ve...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2008.04.006
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We related 24-hour sodium and potassium excretion cross-sectionally to blood pressure and longitudinally to coronary events and deaths during follow-up in a representative sample of the Scottish population. A random sampling of men and women aged 40-59 in 1984 to 1987 produced 11,629 men and women who provided questio...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The epidemiology of infection-related glomerulonephritis is undergoing striking changes, particularly in developed countries. The incidence of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSAGN) is decreasing because of the successful treatment of streptococcal infections. In contrast, because of the emergence of antib...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2011.06.008
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Blood pressure increases with age in all US population groups that have been studies, but does so faster in African Americans. Evidence from extensive microscopic renal vascular studies at autopsy supports the view that blood pressure increases with age because of progressive fibroplasia of renal interlobular arteries...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Compared with Caucasians, African Americans have lower circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), the major storage form of vitamin D, leading to the widespread assumption that African Americans are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency. However, the finding that African Americans maintain better in...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2013.07.006
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hyperhomocysteinemia, highly prevalent in well-nourished patients with chronic renal failure and in uremia, causes toxic effects that can be envisioned in terms of cardiovascular risk increase. However, its effects on cellular metabolism and on gene expression, not to mention receptor regulation, only recently are bei...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2005.06.005
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Small lipids such as eicosanoids exert diverse and complex functions. In addition to their role in regulating normal kidney function, these lipids also play important roles in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Increased glomerular cyclooxygenase (COX)1 or COX2 expression has been reported in patients with nephritis...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2007.02.008
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Substantial progress has been made in the application of computer-driven methods to provide erythropoietic dosing information for patients with anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease. Initial solutions were simply computerized versions of traditional paper-based anemia management protocols. True personalization ...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.05.010
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diuretics commonly are administered in disorders of sodium balance. Loop diuretics inhibit the Na-K-2Cl transporter and also increase calcium excretion. They are often used in the treatment of hypercalcemia. Thiazide diuretics block the thiazide-sensitive NaCl transporter in the distal convoluted tubule, and can decre...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2011.09.008
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:At present the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy remains unresolved. Clearly lack of insulin, with its associated disorders of carbohydrate, protein, and/or lipid metabolism, initiates the process which eventually leads to the characteristic histologic picture of diabetic nephropathy. The disturbance in cellular me...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Care of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) has changed during the past 30 years. Tools to control hyperglycemia have improved and it was shown that improvement in glycemic control diminished the risk of late diabetic complications, including nephropathy. Moreover, in patients with impaired renal function, aggressive ...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.07.002
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advances in information technology have changed human interactions. These changes have had considerable implications for nonmedical and medical educational practices. The use of semi-private applications such as WhatsApp (Mountain View, CA), Slack (Canada), Viber (Israel), and Google Hangouts (Mountain View, CA) has n...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2020.04.010
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Organs are complex structures that consist of multiple tissues with different levels of gene expression. To achieve comprehensive coverage and accurate quantitation data, organs ideally should be separated into morphologic and/or functional substructures before gene or protein expression analysis. However, because of ...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.07.006
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Peritoneal dialysis (PD) may be a feasible, safe, and complementary alternative to hemodialysis not only in the chronic setting, but also in the acute setting. It previously was widely accepted for acute kidney injury (AKI) treatment, but its practice decreased in favor of other types of extracorporeal therapies. The ...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2016.10.011
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vacuolar H(+)-ATPase is a multisubunit protein consisting of a peripheral catalytic domain (V(1)) that binds and hydrolyzes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and provides energy to pump H(+) through the transmembrane domain (V(0)) against a large gradient. This proton-translocating vacuolar H(+)-ATPase is present in bo...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2006.07.004
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies performed over the last 10 years have evaluated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the control of renal hemodynamics. This article reviews the effects of administration of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) blockers on renal function in experimental animals and human volunteers. These studies show that NOS blockade inc...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review emphasizes four major areas of pediatric hypertension. Because hypertension is the most common reason student athletes fail the sports pre-participation examinations, we have attempted to provide a rationale approach to the decision process to permit a hypertensive child to partake in leisure and competiti...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Goodpasture (GP) syndrome is a form of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease, in which autoantibodies bind to alpha3(IV) collagen in GBM causing rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage. The conformational GP epitopes have been mapped to 2 regions within the noncollagenous (NC1) domain...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1053/s0270-9295(03)00131-1
更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As kidney function declines, chronic kidney disease (CKD) becomes an increasingly systemic disorder. Most patients with CKD eventually develop subclinical or clinical abnormalities in bone and mineral metabolism. Recent observational and basic scientific studies have led to a new emphasis on the changes in phosphorus ...
journal_title：Seminars in nephrology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.01.002
更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00
