Abstract：
OBJECTIVE:This review of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), the most frequent and dangerous side effect of heparin exposure, covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease syndrome. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION:Current consensus of opinion is given based on literature reports, as well as new information where available. A comprehensive analysis of the reasons for discrepancies in incidence numbers is given. The currently known mechanism is that HIT is mediated by an antibody to the complex of heparin->platelet factor 4, which binds to the Fc receptor on platelets. New evidence suggests a functional heterogeneity in the anti-heparin-platelet factor 4 antibodies generated to heparin, and a "superactive" heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody that does not require the presence of heparin to promote platelet activation or aggregation has been identified. Up-regulation of cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers, as well as preactivation of platelets/endothelial cells/leukocytes, are also considered to be related to the pathophysiology of HIT. Issues related to the specificity of currently available and new laboratory assays that support a clinical diagnosis are addressed in relation to the serotonin-release assay. Past experience with various anticoagulant treatments is reviewed with a focus on the recent successes of thrombin inhibitors and platelet GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors to combat the platelet activation and severe thrombotic episodes associated with HIT. CONCLUSIONS:The pathophysiology of HIT is multifactorial. However, the primary factor in the mediation of the cellular activation is due to the generation of an antibody to the heparin-platelet factor 4 complex. This review is written as a reference for HIT research.
journal_name
Arch Pathol Lab Medjournal_title
Archives of pathology & laboratory medicineauthors
Fabris F,Ahmad S,Cella G,Jeske WP,Walenga JM,Fareed Jdoi
10.1043/0003-9985(2000)124<1657:POHIT>2.0.CO;2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-11-01 00:00:00pages
1657-66issue
11eissn
0003-9985issn
1543-2165journal_volume
124pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：CONTEXT:As we write, novel antibodies that may well alter the routine practice of surgical neuropathology are in development, characterization, and the early stages of clinical use. These will be used for purposes of tumor subclassification, as prognostic markers, as identifiers of potential therapeutic targets, and as...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1043/1543-2165(2008)132[500:TDDOCN]2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endocrine manifestations are rarely observed in bladder urothelial neoplasia. To our knowledge, only 11 cases of choriocarcinoma have been reported in this site, and recently the production of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin has been demonstrated in these tumors by applying the immunoperoxidase technique. Of 104 tra...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 72-year-old patient had a meningotheliomatous meningioma that invaded through the skull and into temporalis muscle. One year following craniotomy for removal of the neoplasm, he developed headaches, diplopia, and proptosis of the left eye. Biopsy of the orbital contents revealed a malignant supporting tissue neoplas...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report a case of rupture of a saccular pulmonary artery aneurysm with fatal hemopericardium in a 29-year-old man who also had persistent ductus arteriosus with severe pulmonary hypertension. Histologic examination of the pulmonary artery showed cystic medionecrosis similar to that observed in patients with ruptured...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Groove pancreatitis is an uncommon, yet well-described, type of focal chronic pancreatitis, affecting "the groove"-the area between the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, and the common bile duct. Men aged 40 to 50 years are most commonly affected, with a history of alcohol abuse frequently disclosed. Clinical manife...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.5858/arpa.2013-0597-RS
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adult rhabdomyoma is a benign, highly differentiated tumor of skeletal muscle. We observed transverse tubules and triads beside myofilaments in a rhabdomyoma from the submandibular area of a 66-year-old woman. Several types of muscle cells were present. In one, mitochondria abounded; in another, muscle filaments predo...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1981-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We describe a case of adenomatous polyp of the colon that harbored small foci of signet ring cell carcinoma. The patient was a 64-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease and sepsis who underwent colonoscopy to evaluate the possibility of pseudomembranous colitis. A polyp was found incidentally in the right colon a...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1043/1543-2165(2003)127<1509:MFOSRC>2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:No study has evaluated radiology/pathology correlation of percentage viable tumor (PVT) estimates in ablated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to examine the reliability of radiologic estimates. OBJECTIVE:To determine how well interdisciplinary PVT estimates correlate and identify pathologic factors that influenc...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5858/arpa.2012-0126-OA
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pathogenesis of experimental meningococcal septicemia and the efficacy of heparin sodium therapy were evaluated by inoculating rabbits intraperitoneally with type B meningococci in mucin. Half the rabbits died, and the respiratory distress and circulatory failure that occurred during the terminal phase of the dise...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this article, I review the submicroscopic organization of the human spermatozoon, the functional role of its individual organelles in motility, penetrating ability, and fusogenic and fertilizing competence, and its pathology as a cause of male infertility. ...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient renal cell carcinoma is a recently recognized distinct subtype of renal cell carcinoma in the 2016 World Health Organization classification. It is associated with SDH gene germline mutations, which also cause paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and pi...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.5858/arpa.2018-0024-RS
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:Mutation status of the KRAS gene identifies a distinct disease subtype of metastatic colorectal carcinoma that does not respond to antibody therapeutics targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. This is currently the only validated marker in metastatic colorectal carcinoma with a clear implication in trea...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.5858/arpa.2011-0478-RA
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report a case of silicone-induced endocarditis as a newly recognized complication of transvenous cardiac pacing catheterization. Silicone was found embedded in thrombotic vegetations on the tricuspid valve of a patient who had a long-standing pacing catheter in the right side of his heart. Scanning electron microsc...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The concentration of neuron-specific enolase (NSE, gamma-subunit of enolase) in tumor extracts of 25 nonargyrophilic and seven argyrophilic carcinomas of the female breast was measured by radioimmunoassay. The mean concentration of NSE in nonargyrophilic carcinomas was 89 ng/mg of protein, (range, 9 to 281 ng/mg), and...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The activity of lipoprotein lipase in the vascular bed represents the major pathway by which triglyceride fatty acid is cleared from the plasma and made available to the epripheral tissues. Recent studies on the properties of the enzyme, both solubilized and membrane-bound have provided new information on the regulati...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1977-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Histochemical staining of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in fresh-frozen muscle tissue may be performed using a beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD) reduced-dehydrogenase tetrazolium-reductase linked reaction. The phosphate-buffered incubating medium contains glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate,...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1981-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Questionnaires sent to representative medicolegal jurisdictions in the United States showed that medicolegal necropsies comprise a substantial proportion of the total number of autopsies performed. Qualitative differences between customary hospital autopsies and their forensic counterparts include autopsy bias, the im...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that is present in a wide variety of human normal and malignant tissues. In this study EGFr expression in frozen sections of prostate tissue obtained from 40 different surgical specimens was examined immunohistochemically with a well-characte...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Placental mesenchymal dysplasia is a rare placental lesion characterized by stem villous cystic dilation and vesicle formation, placentomegaly, and vascular abnormalities. It can be associated with growth restriction, stillbirth, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, and some chromosomal abnormalities, and needs to be distingu...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.5858/arpa.2013-0399-RS
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cytogenetic studies from the peripheral blood of a patient with malignant lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis who was treated with intra-articular gold Au 198 revealed mosaicism with a normal female metaphase and a 43-chromosome metaphase. The abnormal cell line showed six missing normal chromosomes and three morphologi...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Membranoproliferative (mesangio-capillary) glomerulonephritis (MPGN) has been divided into two types: type 1, MPGN with subendothelial deposits; type 2, MPGN with intramembranous dense deposits. Although the types are clinically similar, the light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopical data differ. The cause i...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1977-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A case of epithelioid sarcoma was studied light microscopically, ultrastructurally, and immunohistologically. The tumor was a deep antebrachial mass in a 57-year-old man, and led to antebrachial amputation. Light microscopically, the tumor consisted of nodules that often had central necrosis. The cells were uniform, w...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Secretory breast carcinoma is a rare breast cancer. It occurs in all age groups, with the majority of patients being adults. It is a rare occurrence in elderly (>50 years) patients; only 5 cases have been reported in this patient group in the English literature. It is even rarer in males, with only 15 cases reported i...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1073:PBLIAE]2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To study the natural course of catheter-induced endocarditis secondarily infected with Staphylococcus epidermidis, 29 rabbits had catheters introduced surgically through the carotid artery to the aortic valve. Forty-eight hours later the catheters were removed from five rabbits. The rabbits were inoculated intravenous...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bloom syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by normally proportioned but strikingly small body size, a characteristic facies and photosensitive facial skin lesion, immunodeficiency, and a marked predisposition to development of a variety of cancers. We describe here, we believe for the first ti...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1043/0003-9985(1999)123<0346:SHNOTL>2.0.CO;2
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Laboratories contemplating either the addition of new molecular tests or modifying methods approved by the Food and Drug Administration for human papillomavirus testing should be aware of a variety of procedural, performance, and regulatory issues surrounding such activity. Diagnostic medical laboratory testing in the...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1043/1543-2165(2003)127<978:AQRRAM>2.0.CO;2
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the ability to recover human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from the plasma and mononuclear cell (MNC) fractions of postmortem blood samples from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. DESIGN:Blood was randomly cultured post mortem from 41 patients with the acquired immunod...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A small-cell carcinoma combined with adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder was detected in a 71-year-old Japanese woman. A nodular mass measuring 4.0 x 5.0 cm was located in the fundus of the gallbladder, in which a tiny depressed lesion measuring 2 mm in diameter was macroscopically and stereomicroscopically observed. Hi...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We studied a woman who underwent a jejunoileal bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity and in whom severe jaundice and hepatic failure developed six months later; these developments prompted restoration of the normal continuity of the small bowel. Four serial wedge biopsy specimens of the liver were taken during a ...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We reviewed 36 body fluid specimens from 18 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) to characterize the cytologic features of HD as seen in Wright-Giemsa (WG)-stained cytocentrifuge preparations, and to compare diagnostic agreement between WG- and Papanicolaou-stained samples. Slides were examined independently by two pa...
journal_title：Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00
