Abstract:
:Mutant ras oncogenes and alterations in the mitogenic signaling pathways that they regulate are associated with a wide variety of solid tumors and leukemias for which existing chemotherapeutics have limited utility. Of the possible approaches to inhibit Ras function, much attention has focused on a posttranslational modification, farnesylation, which is required for the subcellular localization of Ras to the plasma membrane and is critical to Ras cell-transforming activity. Inhibitors of the enzyme that catalyzes Ras farnesylation, farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase), have been developed. These compounds inhibit the tumorigenic phenotypes of ras-transformed cells and human tumor cells in cell culture and in animal models. Moreover, FPTase inhibitors have not demonstrated toxicity to normal cells in culture or to normal tissues in mice. FPTase inhibitors are among the first small molecule compounds designed from studies of oncogenes that might serve as novel cancer chemotherapeutics.
journal_name
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicoljournal_title
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicologyauthors
Gibbs JB,Oliff Adoi
10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.37.1.143subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-01-01 00:00:00pages
143-66eissn
0362-1642issn
1545-4304journal_volume
37pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Major advances in scientific discovery and insights can result from the development and use of new techniques, as exemplified by the work of Solomon Snyder, who writes a prefatory article in this volume. The Editors have chosen "New Methods and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Pharmacology and Toxicology" as the Theme ...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type:
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-091616-023708
更新日期:2017-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Conflicting views abound on the peripheral neurotransmitter and neuromodulator roles of purine compounds. Substantial organ- and species-related variations have become apparent. There is, however, a body of compelling evidence for such roles, if not so broad and ubiquitous as those envisioned (7) for the central nervo...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.23.040183.002145
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Billions of US dollars are invested every year by the pharmaceutical industry in drug development, with the aim of introducing new drugs that are effective and have minimal side effects. Thirty percent of in-pipeline drugs are excluded in an early phase of preclinical and clinical screening owing to cardiovascular saf...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-053110
更新日期:2018-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Recent advances in cell signaling research suggest that multiple sets of signal transducing molecules are preorganized and sequestered in distinct compartments within the cell. These compartments are assembled and maintained by specific cellular machinery. The molecular ecology within a compartment creates an environm...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095807
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A number of exciting findings have been made in astrocytes during the past 15 years that have led many researchers to redefine how the brain works. Astrocytes are now widely regarded as cells that propagate Ca(2+) over long distances in response to stimulation, and, similar to neurons, release transmitters (called gli...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.011008.145602
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Research on autophagy and its effects on cell metabolism and physiology has increased dramatically during recent years. Multiple forms of autophagy have been characterized, and many of the genes involved in the regulation of this process have been identified. The importance of autophagy for embryonic development and m...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140210
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::HIV protease inhibitors, as components of combination antiretroviral drug regimens, have substantially reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection. They selectively block the action of the virus-encoded protease and stop the virus from replicating. In general, these drugs have poor systemic bioav...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.40.1.649
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oral vaccination enables pain-free and self-administrable vaccine delivery for rapid mass vaccination during pandemic outbreaks. Furthermore, it elicits systemic and mucosal immune responses. This protects against infection at mucosal surfaces, which may further enhance protection and minimize the spread of disease. T...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030320-092348
更新日期:2021-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors are the primary targets of endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids). These G protein-coupled receptors play an important role in many processes, including metabolic regulation, craving, pain, anxiety, bone growth, and immune function. Cannabinoid receptors can be engaged directly by...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141254
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mechanism-based PK-PD models differ from conventional PK-PD models in that they contain specific expressions to characterize, in a quantitative manner, processes on the causal path between drug administration and effect. This includes target site distribution, target binding and activation, pharmacodynamic interaction...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105154
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The developing central nervous system (CNS) is more vulnerable to injury than the adult one. Although a great deal of research has been devoted to subtle effects of developmental exposure, such as neurobehavioral changes, this review instead focuses on a number of chemicals that have been shown, in several experimenta...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121424
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The presence of druggable, topographically distinct allosteric sites on a wide range of receptor families has offered new paradigms for small molecules to modulate receptor function. Moreover, ligands that target allosteric sites offer significant advantages over the corresponding orthosteric ligands in terms of selec...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134525
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oligonucleotides (ONs) can interfere with biomolecules representing the entire extended central dogma. Antisense gapmer, steric block, splice-switching ONs, and short interfering RNA drugs have been successfully developed. Moreover, antagomirs (antimicroRNAs), microRNA mimics, aptamers, DNA decoys, DNAzymes, synthetic...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021050
更新日期:2019-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is one of the most important systems in cardiovascular control and in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is already a very successful drug target for the therapy of these diseases. However, angiotensins are generated not only in the plasma but also local...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105610
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Both pharmacologic and genetic methods are now available to manipulate intracellular levels of the protein thiol metallothionein. These approaches have begun to reveal the protective roles metallothioneins (MTs) have against oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon-centered free radicals, as well as the contributory role of MT to...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.35.040195.003223
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The major concepts presented in this review can be summarized as follows: 1. There is a multidirectional continuum of anesthetic states--some represented by CNS excitation and others by depression. 2. The reticular activating system is influenced by all anesthetics; some inhibit its action (stage III) and some hyperex...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.16.040176.002213
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid and one of the few metals that can be metabolized inside the human body. The pervasive presence of arsenic in nature and anthropogenic sources from agricultural and medical use have perpetuated human exposure to this toxic and carcinogenic element. Highly exposed individuals ...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-013418
更新日期:2021-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK pathways. ASK1 is preferentially activated by various cytotoxic stressors and plays pivotal roles in a wide variety of cellular response to them. Recent analyses of A...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094606
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) are two Ca(2+) messengers derived from NAD and NADP, respectively. Although NAADP is a linear molecule, structurally distinct from the cyclic cADPR, it is synthesized by similar enzymes, ADP-ribosyl cyclase and its homolog, CD38. The c...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.317
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, disabling neurodegenerative disorder that begins in mid to late life and is characterized by motor impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and, in many, psychological and cognitive changes. Recent advances have helped delineate pathogenetic mechanisms, yet the cause of PD...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-135937
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Kv7 channels (Kv7.1-7.5) are voltage-gated K+ channels that can be modulated by five β-subunits (KCNE1-5). Kv7.1-KCNE1 channels produce the slow-delayed rectifying K+ current, IKs, which is important during the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential. Kv7.2-7.5 are predominantly neuronally expressed and c...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023645
更新日期:2021-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::The protein variously named ABCG2/BCRP/MXR/ABCP is a recently described ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter originally identified by its ability to confer drug resistance that is independent of Mrp1 (multidrug-resistance protein 1) and Pgp (P-glycoprotein). Unlike Mrp1 and Pgp, ABCG2 is a half-transporter that must...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141238
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Systems approaches have long been used in pharmacology to understand drug action at the organ and organismal levels. The application of computational and experimental systems biology approaches to pharmacology allows us to expand the definition of systems pharmacology to include network analyses at multiple scales of ...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134520
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Development of scientific creativity is often tied closely to mentorship. In my case, two years with Julius Axelrod, the sum total of my research training, was transformative. My mentoring generations of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows has been as nurturing for me as it has been for them. Work in our lab ov...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104511
更新日期:2017-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Imidazoline (I) receptors constitute a family of nonadrenergic high-affinity binding sites for clonidine, idazoxan, and allied drugs. One major subclass, the I1 receptors, whose subcellular distribution and signal transduction mechanisms are uncertain, partly mediates the central hypotensive actions of clonidine-like ...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.36.040196.002455
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Originally, organophosphorus (OP) toxicology consisted of acetylcholinesterase inhibition by insecticides and chemical threat agents acting as phosphorylating agents for serine in the catalytic triad, but this is no longer the case. Other serine hydrolases can be secondary OP targets, depending on the OP structure, an...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104926
更新日期:2017-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::The theme "New Approaches for Studying Drug and Toxicant Action: Applications to Drug Discovery and Development" links 13 articles in this volume of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (ARPT). The engaging prefatory articles by Arthur Cho and Robert Lefkowitz set the stage for this theme and for the revie...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type:
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-092617-121952
更新日期:2018-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Histone acetylation is a prominent epigenetic modification of the central nervous system that is unequivocally associated with an increase in the rate of gene transcription. Because gene transcription, in turn, plays an important role in long-lasting forms of memory, histone acetylation generally favors long-term memo...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140216
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Risk Assessment Committee of the European Chemicals Agency issued an opinion on classifying titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a suspected human carcinogen upon inhalation. Recent animal studies indicate that TiO2 may be carcinogenic through the oral route. There is considerable uncertainty on the carcinogenicity of TiO2,...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-101419-100049
更新日期:2021-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::The recognition that the wall tone of most arteries and veins can change in response to shear stress has several implications for our understanding of the effects of drugs on the circulation. By a primary action on the heart and vasculature, drugs can cause changes in cardiac output and blood pressure that lead to cha...
journal_title:Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.34.040194.001133
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00