Epidemiology of cancer by tobacco products and the significance of TSNA.

abstract：:The insecticide diflubenzuron (DFB) is commonly used in various mid-Atlantic states for suppression of gypsy moths in hardwood forests. DFB is potentially toxic to nontarget biota because it can enter aquatic systems through aerial application or runoff after precipitation events. Based on this concern, the objectives...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Fischer SA,Hall LW Jr

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mycotoxin problems are one of great concern to health scientists. Toxic fungal metabolites such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone and others are contaminated in our environments and induce various diseases. In this manuscript, the author will summarize the recent advances on toxicology of mycotoxins in specia...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Ueno Y

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rare adverse reactions to drugs that are of unknown etiology, or idiosyncratic reactions, can produce severe medical complications or even death in patients. Current hypotheses suggest that metabolic activation of a drug to a reactive intermediate is a necessary, yet insufficient, step in the generation of an idiosync...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Walgren JL,Mitchell MD,Thompson DC

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) poses a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. It causes both drug attrition and post-approval withdrawal of drugs. DIC represents itself as an impaired secretion and flow of bile, leading to the pathological hepatic and/or systemic accumulation of bile a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Deferm N,De Vocht T,Qi B,Van Brantegem P,Gijbels E,Vinken M,de Witte P,Bouillon T,Annaert P

更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An earlier review of the toxicity of glyphosate and the original Roundup™-branded formulation concluded that neither glyphosate nor the formulation poses a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. The present review of subsequent genotoxicity publications and regulatory studies of glyphosate a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Kier LD,Kirkland DJ

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Little consistency exists in the methodology for toxicological testing of aerosolized nanoparticles used in in vitro, air-interfaced culture (AIC) exposure systems for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) risk-assessment, preventing inter-laboratory comparisons to identify dose thresholds for adverse effects. These inconsi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Secondo LE,Liu NJ,Lewinski NA

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The IPCS Human Relevance Framework was evaluated for a DNA-reactive (genotoxic) carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, based on a wealth of data in animals and humans. The mode of action involves metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation, followed by N-esterification leading to the formation of a reactive electrophile, which bind...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Cohen SM,Boobis AR,Meek ME,Preston RJ,McGregor DB

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is ubiquitous in most regions of the world. The most commonly studied PFASs are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Animal studies indicate that maternal PFAS exposure is associated with reduced fetal growth. Howeve...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bach CC,Bech BH,Brix N,Nohr EA,Bonde JP,Henriksen TB

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The application of chemical-specific toxicokinetic or toxicodynamic data to address interspecies differences and human variability in the quantification of hazard has potential to reduce uncertainty and better characterize variability compared with the use of traditional default or categorically-based uncertainty fact...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bhat VS,Meek MEB,Valcke M,English C,Boobis A,Brown R

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We examine how Bayesian network (BN) learning and analysis methods can help to meet several methodological challenges that arise in interpreting significant regression coefficients in exposure-response regression modeling. As a motivating example, we consider the challenge of interpreting positive regression coefficie...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Cox LA Jr

更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In 1996, the US Environmental Protection Agency was given a mandate by Congress to develop a screening program that would evaluate whether variously identified compounds could affect human health by mimicking or interfering with normal endocrine regulatory functions. Toward this end, the Agency chartered the Endocrine...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Goldman JM,Laws SC,Balchak SK,Cooper RL,Kavlock RJ

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Quantitative weight of evidence (QWoE) provides a framework and process for evaluating different toxicological studies based on quality and relevance of the results. This framework allows for data from these studies to be combined in separate lines of evidence to address causality, and relevance to environmental risks...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hanson ML,Solomon KR,Van Der Kraak GJ,Brian RA

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The heme biosynthetic pathway is closely controlled by levels of the end product of the pathway, namely, heme, and porphyrins are normally formed in only trace amounts. When control mechanisms are disturbed by xenobiotics, porphyrins accumulate and serve as a signal of the interaction between a xenobiotic and the heme...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Marks GS

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Perhaps no other topic in risk analysis is more difficult, more controversial, or more important to risk management policy analysts and decision-makers than how to draw valid, correctly qualified causal conclusions from observational data. Statistical methods can readily quantify associations between observed variable...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Cox LA Jr

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A high intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of cancer. In this context, considerable attention is paid to Asian populations who consume high amounts of soy and soy-derived isoflavones, and have a lower risk for several cancer types such as breast and prostate cancers than populations in West...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Andres S,Abraham K,Appel KE,Lampen A

更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:trans-Resveratrol, a polyphenolic stilbene of plant origin is structurally similar to natural and synthetic estrogens and has been classified a phytoestrogen. Direct binding of resveratrol to the nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) and modulation of its genomic activity was among the first of its reported pharmacological a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Qasem RJ

更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the past 30 years, thousands of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been published for all sorts of chemicals acting on many forms of life or parts thereof (DNA, enzymes, organelles, etc.). Very little effort has been made to show the relationship among these equations. In this report, we ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hansch C,Telzer BR,Zhang L

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In order to minimize risks to human and environmental health, chemical safety assessment programs are being reinforced with toxicity tests more specifically designed for detecting endocrine disrupters. This includes the necessity to detect thyroid-disrupting chemicals, which may operate through a variety of modes of a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Pickford DB

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The field of toxicology is currently undergoing a global paradigm shift to use of in vitro approaches for assessing the risks of chemicals and drugs in a more mechanistic and high throughput manner than current approaches relying primarily on in vivo testing. However, reliance on in vitro data entails a number of new ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Yoon M,Campbell JL,Andersen ME,Clewell HJ

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Abstract Glyphosate, an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine, was introduced to agriculture in the 1970s. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants. After almost forty years of commercial ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Greim H,Saltmiras D,Mostert V,Strupp C

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is controversy on whether occupational exposure to beryllium causes lung cancer. We conducted a systematic review of epidemiologic studies on cancer among workers exposed to beryllium, including a study of seven U.S. production plants which has been recently updated, a study of patients with beryllium disease (l...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Boffetta P,Fryzek JP,Mandel JS

更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although benzene is best known as a compound that causes bone marrow depression leading to aplastic anemia in animals and humans, it also induces acute myelogenous leukemia in humans. The epidemiological evidence for leukemogenesis in humans is contrasted with the results of animal bioassays. This review focuses on se...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Snyder R,Kalf GF

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article provides a detailed assessment of the toxicological and pharmacological literature concerning alcohol-induced biphasic dose-response relationships. The assessment reveals that alcohol-induced hormetic-like dose-response relationships are commonly observed, highly generalizeable according to model and endp...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ,Baldwin LA

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lipophilic persistent environmental chemicals (LPECs) have the potential to accumulate within a woman's body lipids over the course of many years prior to pregnancy, to partition into human milk, and to transfer to infants upon breastfeeding. As a result of this accumulation and partitioning, a breastfeeding infant's ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Lehmann GM,Verner MA,Luukinen B,Henning C,Assimon SA,LaKind JS,McLanahan ED,Phillips LJ,Davis MH,Powers CM,Hines EP,Haddad S,Longnecker MP,Poulsen MT,Farrer DG,Marchitti SA,Tan YM,Swartout JC,Sagiv SK,Welsh C,Camp

更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The toxicological profiles of monopropylene glycol (MPG), dipropylene glycol (DPG), tripropylene glycol (TPG) and polypropylene glycols (PPG; including tetra-rich oligomers) are collectively reviewed, and assessed considering regulatory toxicology endpoints. The review confirms a rich data set for these compounds, cov...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Fowles JR,Banton MI,Pottenger LH

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In recent years, many spatial epidemiological studies that use proximity of subjects to putative sources as a surrogate for exposure have been published and are increasingly cited as evidence of environmental problems requiring public health interventions. In these studies, the simple finding of a significant, positiv...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Berman DW,Cox LA Jr,Popken DA

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pharmacokinetic basis for the design of toxicity tests is discussed with reference to the absorption and clearance of drugs. The absorption and clearance of a wide range of drugs by laboratory animals and man has been examined and reviewed to provide a firm basis against which new drugs can be compared. Some pitfa...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Clark B,Smith DA

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general population, 2,4-D ex...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Burns CJ,Swaen GM

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacterial systems have long been of use in toxicology. In addition to providing general models of enzymes and paradigms for biochemistry and molecular biology, they have been adapted to practical genotoxicity assays. More recently, bacteria also have been used in the production of mammalian enzymes of relevance to tox...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Guengerich FP,Gillam EM,Shimada T

更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Examination of the eye in experiments designed to test the toxicity of drugs or chemicals is of considerable importance and the investigator must have a clear idea of the spontaneous eye changes he can expect in the test species. We have attempted to review the literature relating to commonly used laboratory animals--...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Taradach C,Greaves P

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00