A perspective on benzene leukemogenesis.

abstract：:A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general population, 2,4-D ex...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Burns CJ,Swaen GM

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carrageenan is a high-molecular-weight, strongly anionic polymer derived from several species of red seaweed that is used for the textural stabilization of foods. Processed Eucheuma Seaweed (PES) is a form of carrageenan with a higher cellulose content. Food-grade carrageenan has a weight average molecular weight grea...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Cohen SM,Ito N

更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We developed a population physiology model, physB, which provides a statistical description of the physiological characteristics in the human population, in terms of the physiological parameters that are needed in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. The model predicts individual organ weights, blood flows...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bosgra S,van Eijkeren J,Bos P,Zeilmaker M,Slob W

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The critical review of the literature cited on pharmacology, toxicology, metabolism, and safety assessment clearly demonstrates that cocoa per se has not attracted a great deal of scientific interest because of its long-term usage with no reported adverse effects that would be injurious to man. On the other hand, a gr...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Tarka SM Jr

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Hare L

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article explores the occurrence of U-shaped dose responses induced by neuroprotective agents in animal stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) screening/preclinical studies. The assessment was stimulated by suggestions that U-shaped dose responses may be common for neuroprotective agents in stroke and TBI models,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling is now the state of the science for determining the point of departure for risk assessment. Key advantages include the fact that the modeling takes account of all of the data for a particular effect from a particular experiment, increased consistency, and better accounting for statistical...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Haber LT,Dourson ML,Allen BC,Hertzberg RC,Parker A,Vincent MJ,Maier A,Boobis AR

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Valproic acid (VPA) has long been known to cause spina bifida, a neural tube defect, and other effects in fetuses of women treated with this drug. Toxicological tests in laboratory mice and rats at human therapeutic doses also show neural tube and other defects. Studies show that VPA alters Wnt signaling in human and ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Wiltse J

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exposure to combustion-derived particles, quartz and asbestos is associated with increased levels of oxidized and mutagenic DNA lesions. The aim of this survey was to critically assess the measurements of oxidatively damaged DNA as marker of particle-induced genotoxicity in animal tissues. Publications based on non-op...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Møller P,Danielsen PH,Jantzen K,Roursgaard M,Loft S

更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Globally, oral cancer is one of the ten common cancers. In some parts of the world, including the Indian subcontinent, oral cancer is a major cancer problem. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for oral cancer. The most common form of tobacco use, cigarette smoking, demonstrates a very high relative risk--in...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Gupta PC,Murti PR,Bhonsle RB

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2004) recently reevaluated the epidemiological data on formaldehyde and concluded that there was "strong but not sufficient evidence for a causal association between leukaemia and occupational exposure to formaldehyde." This conclusion was tempered since a mechani...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Golden R,Pyatt D,Shields PG

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroexcitatory symptoms of acute poisoning of vertebrates by pyrethroids are related to the ability of these insecticides to modify electrical activity in various parts of the nervous system. Repetitive nerve activity, particularly in the sensory nervous system, membrane depolarization, and enhanced neurotransmitter ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Vijverberg HP,van den Bercken J

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in our environment and can cause cancer. Exposure to PAHs can be assessed by protein adduct dosimetry using benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) as a model compound. We present an overview of analytical methods to detect B[a]P- derived protein adducts in humans, their uses in e...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Käfferlein HU,Marczynski B,Mensing T,Brüning T

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In recent years, many spatial epidemiological studies that use proximity of subjects to putative sources as a surrogate for exposure have been published and are increasingly cited as evidence of environmental problems requiring public health interventions. In these studies, the simple finding of a significant, positiv...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Berman DW,Cox LA Jr,Popken DA

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A nomenclature for tumors of the mouse hematopoietic system is proposed. This nomenclature, which will be particularly appropriate for use in safety assessment studies, employs basic cytologic terminology, and subclassifications may take into consideration tissue sites and the presence or absence of leukemia. Analysis...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Wogan GN

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peroxisome proliferators are a structurally diverse group of compounds that include the fibrate hypolipidemic drugs, the phthalate ester industrial plasticizers, the phenoxy acid herbicides, and the anti-wetting corrosion inhibitors perfluorinated straight-chain monocarboxylic fatty acids. Administration of these chem...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Youssef J,Badr M

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mycotoxin problems are one of great concern to health scientists. Toxic fungal metabolites such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone and others are contaminated in our environments and induce various diseases. In this manuscript, the author will summarize the recent advances on toxicology of mycotoxins in specia...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Ueno Y

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the late 1960s the artificial sweetener cyclamate was implicated as a bladder carcinogen in rats. This finding and other concerns about its safety ultimately led to a ban on cyclamate in the U.S. and restrictions on its use in many other countries. Since that time, the carcinogenic potential of cyclamate and cycloh...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bopp BA,Sonders RC,Kesterson JW

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The toxicological profiles of monopropylene glycol (MPG), dipropylene glycol (DPG), tripropylene glycol (TPG) and polypropylene glycols (PPG; including tetra-rich oligomers) are collectively reviewed, and assessed considering regulatory toxicology endpoints. The review confirms a rich data set for these compounds, cov...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Fowles JR,Banton MI,Pottenger LH

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently concluded that there is likely to be a causal relationship between short-term (< 30 days) ozone exposure and cardiovascular (CV) effects; however, biological mechanisms to link transient effects with chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD) have not been established. S...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Goodman JE,Prueitt RL,Sax SN,Pizzurro DM,Lynch HN,Zu K,Venditti FJ

更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aniline (in the form of its hydrochloride) has been shown to induce a rather rare spectrum of tumors in the spleen of Fischer 344 rats. The dose levels necessary for this carcinogenic activity were in a range where also massive effects on the blood and non-neoplastic splenotoxicity as a consequence of methemoglobinemi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Bomhard EM,Herbold BA

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Examination of the eye in experiments designed to test the toxicity of drugs or chemicals is of considerable importance and the investigator must have a clear idea of the spontaneous eye changes he can expect in the test species. We have attempted to review the literature relating to commonly used laboratory animals--...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Taradach C,Greaves P

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The heme biosynthetic pathway is closely controlled by levels of the end product of the pathway, namely, heme, and porphyrins are normally formed in only trace amounts. When control mechanisms are disturbed by xenobiotics, porphyrins accumulate and serve as a signal of the interaction between a xenobiotic and the heme...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Marks GS

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dr. Edward Calabrese asserts that hormetic responses occur in neural systems, and provides ample review of evidence to support this claim. In this essay, we survey Dr. Calabrese's findings, illustrate the somewhat provocative premise of hormesis, and posit that while evidence suggests that amplification of low-dose ef...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Giordano J,Ives JA,Jonas WB

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article is a comprehensive assessment of the quantitative features of the dose response for neuroprotective agents and their underlying mechanistic foundations. The data were derived from published studies using numerous primary neuronal cell cultures and neuronal cell lines. These biological models assessed norm...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Calabrese EJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created a significant threat to global health. It originated in Wuhan, China and caused a total of 83,483 confirmed cases and 4634 deaths until June 2020. This novel virus spread primarily through respiratory...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Rai NK,Ashok A,Akondi BR

更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lung cancer mortality (LCM) has been associated with smoking and air pollution. This article draws on smoking relationships to clarify air pollution relationships. We analyzed cohort and population-based smoking studies and identified effects of latency and cumulative exposures. We found cogent relationships through l...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Lipfert FW,Wyzga RE

更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The field of toxicology is currently undergoing a global paradigm shift to use of in vitro approaches for assessing the risks of chemicals and drugs in a more mechanistic and high throughput manner than current approaches relying primarily on in vivo testing. However, reliance on in vitro data entails a number of new ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Yoon M,Campbell JL,Andersen ME,Clewell HJ

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two important challenges for inhalation toxicologists involve the elucidation of mechanisms of lung toxicity caused by inhalation of chemicals or particulate materials, as well as the extrapolation of animal data to humans. Because risk estimates of toxicity generally are dependent upon experimental data for which a v...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Warheit DB

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The insecticide diflubenzuron (DFB) is commonly used in various mid-Atlantic states for suppression of gypsy moths in hardwood forests. DFB is potentially toxic to nontarget biota because it can enter aquatic systems through aerial application or runoff after precipitation events. Based on this concern, the objectives...

journal_title：Critical reviews in toxicology

authors： Fischer SA,Hall LW Jr

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00