Abstract:
:This paper is not about the medical condition of AIDS. Nor is it about the history of the condition since it was first reported in Atlanta, Georgia in 1981. It looks rather, at the catalogue of legislative and other legal responses to the spread of AIDS. The paper analyses the AIDS condition in its historical context. The hysteria accompanying the outbreak of AIDS is contrasted with the similar hysteria associated with other previous epidemics experienced in Australia over the past two centuries. The paper categorises the responses of lawmakers to the condition, according to the approach taken; from 'full blast', through 'moderate heat' to 'low key' or an attempt to avoid or minimise legal intervention. It is suggested that the appropriate response should depend upon such factors as the present magnitude of the condition, its likely future course, the availability of cures and protections against its spread and objectives being sought by intervention. Unless these factors are taken into account gross over-reaction can occur, causing social disruption and much personal injustice. :Justice Kirby, president of the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of New South Wales and former chairman of the Australian Law Reform Commission, discusses the responses of lawmakers in Australia and other countries to the AIDS outbreak in the context of reactions to previous epidemics. He categorizes the measures proposed as "full blast" (e.g., travel restrictions; universal testing for AIDS virus antibodies; national ID cards; quarantine); "moderate heat" (compulsory detention or reporting of AIDS patients; shutting down of homosexual clubs and baths; testing of employees or other groups; registering of prostitutes; criminal penalties for "knowingly" spreading the virus); or "low key" (condoms and "safe sex" education; discouraging blood donation by persons at risk). Favoring a generally restrained approach, he cautions that overreaction can be counterproductive and can lead to social disruption and injustice.
journal_name
J Med Ethicsjournal_title
Journal of medical ethicsauthors
Kirby MDdoi
10.1136/jme.12.4.187subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1986-12-01 00:00:00pages
187-94issue
4eissn
0306-6800issn
1473-4257journal_volume
12pub_type
杂志文章abstract::This paper examines one particular justification for the screening and termination of embryos/fetuses which possess genetic features known to cause disability. The particular case is that put forward in several places by John Harris. He argues that the obligation to prevent needless suffering justifies the prevention ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.27.6.380
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper, I respond to criticisms by John Harris, contained in a commentary on my article "Harris, harmed states, and sexed bodies", which appeared in the Journal of Medical Ethics, volume 37, number 5. I argue that Harris's response to my criticisms exposes the strong eugenic tendencies in his own thought, when ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2011.045021
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Doctors, for several reasons, should be concerned with exorcism is the view of Professor Trethowan, who in this paper, looks at the main features of exorcism as practised in the middle ages and now appearing in the modern world, as was seen in the recent Ossett case in Britain. He examines in some detail the nature of...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The rapid emergence and exploding usage of online social networking forums, which are frequented by millions, present clinicians with new ethical and professional challenges. Particularly among a younger generation of physicians and patients, the use of online social networking forums has become widespread. In this ar...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2009.029231
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the decades of experimentation on the placebo effect, it has become clear that it is driven largely by expectation, and that strong expectations of efficacy are more likely to give rise to the experience of benefit. No wonder the placebo effect has come to resemble a self-fulfilling prophecy. However, this resemb...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-101057
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:According to the Declaration of Helsinki, patients who take part in a clinical trial must be adequately informed about the trial's aims, methods, expected benefits, and potential risks. The declaration does not, however, elaborate on what "adequately informed" might amount to, in practice. Medical researcher...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.28.1.45
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Explore public attitudes towards the trade-offs between justice and medical outcome inherent in organ allocation decisions. BACKGROUND:The US Task Force on Organ Transplantation recommended that considerations of justice, autonomy and medical outcome be part of all organ allocation decisions. Justice in this c...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2006.018291
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The author, a philosopher, suggests that the concept of death should be left as it is 'in its present indeterminate state', and that we ought to reject attempts to define death in terms of whole-brain death or any other type of brain death, including cerebral death and 'irreversible coma'. Instead of 'fiddling with th...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.9.1.28
更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To explore the experiences of people with a "terminal illness", focusing on the patients' perspective of euthanasia and assisted suicide. METHOD:A qualitative study using narrative interviews was conducted throughout the UK. The views of the 18 people who discussed euthanasia and assisted suicide were explor...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2006.015883
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:The need to reinvigorate medical confidentiality protections is recognised as an important objective in building patient trust necessary for successful health outcomes. Little is known about patient understanding and expectations from medical confidentiality. OBJECTIVE:To identify and describe patient views of...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2004.010280
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several distinct arguments conclude that terminally ill patients have a right to a medically assisted death; two are especially influential: the autonomy argument and the non-harm argument. Both have proven convincing to many, but not to those who view the duty not to kill as an (almost) absolute constraint. Some phil...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2016-103575
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article is a response to Raphael Cohen-Almagor's paper entitled 'First do no harm: intentionally shortening lives of patients without their explicit request in Belgium'. His paper deals with very important matters of life and death, however its concept usage is in part misleading. For instance, the fact that medi...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103128
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The emergence several years ago of SARS, with its high rate of infection and death among healthcare workers, resurrected a recurring ethical question: do health professionals have a duty to provide care to patients with deadly infectious diseases, even at some substantial risk to themselves and their families? The con...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2007.022038
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to determine the opinions of private medical practitioners in Bloemfontein, South Africa, regarding euthanasia of terminally ill patients. This descriptive study was performed amongst a simple random sample of 100 of 230 private medical practitioners in Bloemfontein. Information was obtained ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2008.027417
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The author responds to Professor Kottow's criticisms, explaining numerous errors and misconceptions. ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.25.4.344
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper, I explore the ethics of subject selection in the context of biomedical research. I reject a key principle of what I shall refer to as the standard view According to this principle, investigators should select participants so as to minimise aggregate risk to participants and maximise aggregate benefits t...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103311
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This reply to John F Catherwood's criticism of brain-related criteria for death argues that brainstem criteria are neither reductionist nor do they presuppose a materialist theory of mind. Furthermore, it is argued that brain-related criteria are compatible with the majority of religious views concerning death. ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.18.1.40
更新日期:1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Consultation methods differ between medical practitioners depending on the individual setting. However, the central tenet to the doctor-patient relationship is the issue of confidentiality. This prospective survey highlights patient attitudes towards consultation methods in the setting of an ophthalmic out...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2006.016899
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Unit 731, a biological warfare research organisation that operated under the authority of the Imperial Japanese Army in the 1930s and 1940s, conducted brutal experiments on thousands of unconsenting subjects. Because of the US interest in the data from these experiments, the perpetrators were not prosecuted and the at...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103177
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper, I explore under what circumstances it might be morally acceptable to transplant organs from a patient lacking capacity. I argue, with a developed hypothetical based around a mother and son, that (1) 'Best interests' should be interpreted broadly to include the interests that people have previously expre...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103045
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In their controversial paper 'After-birth abortion', Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva argue that there is no rational basis for allowing abortion but prohibiting infanticide ('after-birth abortion'). We ought in all consistency either to allow both or prohibit both. This paper rejects their claim, arguing that ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-100629
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although fair distribution of healthcare services for older patients is an important challenge, qualitative research exploring clinicians' considerations in clinical prioritisation within this field is scarce. OBJECTIVES:To explore how clinicians understand their professional role in clinical prioritisation...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/jme.2007.020693
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Until recently, moral case deliberation (MCD) sessions have mostly been facilitated by external experts, mainly professional ethicists. We have developed a train the facilitator programme for healthcare professionals aimed at providing them with the competences needed for being an MCD facilitator. In this paper, we pr...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-100546
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The most publicly justifiable application of human cloning, if there is one at all, is to provide self-compatible cells or tissues for medical use, especially transplantation. Some have argued that this raises no new ethical issues above those raised by any form of embryo experimentation. I argue that this research is...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.25.2.87
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medical ethical analysis remains dominated by the principlist account first proposed by Beauchamp and Childress. This paper argues that the principlist model is unreflective of how ethical decisions are taken in clinical practice. Two kinds of medical ethical decisions are distinguished: biosocial ethics and clinical ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100136
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The COVID-19 pandemic will likely recede only through development and distribution of an effective vaccine. Although there are many unknowns surrounding COVID-19 vaccine development, vaccine demand will likely outstrip early supply, making prospective planning for vaccine allocation critical for ensuring the ethical d...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-106850
更新日期:2020-12-17 00:00:00
abstract::Clinicians' work depends on sincere and complete disclosures from their patients; they honour this candidness by confidentially safeguarding the information received. Breaching confidentiality causes harms that are not commensurable with the possible benefits gained. Limitations or exceptions put on confidentiality wo...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.12.3.117
更新日期:1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the mid-1990s most EU Member States have established a national forensic DNA database. These mass repositories of DNA profiles enable the police to identify DNA stains which are found at crime scenes and are invaluable in criminal investigation. Governments have always brushed aside privacy objections by stressi...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2007.022012
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eduard Seidler sets his discussion of the teaching of medical ethics in the Federal Republic of Germany against an historical background. Immediately after the Second World War the freshness of the memory of the 'Nuremberg Medical Trials' influenced the way in which moral dilemmas were treated in Germany. At the prese...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.5.2.76
更新日期:1979-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We analyse the system of ethical review of human research in the Baltic States by introducing the principle of equivalent stringency of ethical review, that is, research projects imposing equal risks and inconveniences on research participants should be subjected to equally stringent review procedures. We examine seve...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2009.035030
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00