Abstract:
:In this paper, I explore under what circumstances it might be morally acceptable to transplant organs from a patient lacking capacity. I argue, with a developed hypothetical based around a mother and son, that (1) 'Best interests' should be interpreted broadly to include the interests that people have previously expressed in the well-being of others. It could, therefore, be in the 'best interests' of an unconscious patient to donate a non-vital organ to a family member. (2) Further expanding upon this case, and developing a variation on the 'trolley problems' I argue that where it is inevitable that an incapacitous patient is going to die-and specifically when it has been agreed through the courts that a patient in a permanent vegetative state is going to have clinically assisted nutrition and hydration withdrawn (with the inevitable consequence of death, and causing desiccation of the organs such that they are no longer able to be donated)-it could be in a patient's best interests to actively end their life with a drug that would stop the heart both to minimise potential suffering and in order to be able to have vital organs donated. I argue that in this case the strict adherence to the distinction between acts and omissions is not in the patient's best interests and should be reconsidered.
journal_name
J Med Ethicsjournal_title
Journal of medical ethicsauthors
Fritz Zdoi
10.1136/medethics-2015-103045subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-07-01 00:00:00pages
450-454issue
7eissn
0306-6800issn
1473-4257pii
medethics-2015-103045journal_volume
43pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Moral principles or the rules of conduct are based in the society. If the purpose of ethics in research is to take into consideration the needs and the rights of the experimental subject, his social milieu must then largely determine the ethical considerations of a projected study. The inability to comprehend such rig...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.6.2.61
更新日期:1980-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This is a continuation of and a development of a debate between John Keown and me. The issue discussed is whether, in Britain, an unpaid system of blood donation promotes and is justified by its promotion of altruism. Doubt is cast on the notions that public policies can, and, if they can, that they should, be aimed a...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.25.6.532
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Why do we persist in the relentless pursuit of artificial nourishment and other treatments to maintain a permanently unconscious existence? In facing the future, if not the present world-wide reality of a huge number of persistent vegetative state (PVS) patients, will they be treated because of our ethical commitment ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.19.2.71
更新日期:1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In healthcare, a tension sometimes arises between the injunction to do as much good as possible with scarce resources and the injunction to rescue identifiable individuals in immediate peril, regardless of cost (the "Rule of Rescue"). This tension can generate serious ethical and political difficulties for public poli...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jme.2007.021790
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recent essay by Schuklenk and Smalling opposing respect for physicians' conscientious objections to providing patients with medical services that are legally permitted in liberal democracies is based on several erroneous assumptions. Acting in this manner would have serious harmful effects on the ethos of medicine...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2016-103670
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Discussions on the ethics and regulation of clinical research have a great deal to say about the responsibilities of investigators, sponsors, research institutions and institutional review boards, but very little about the responsibilities of research participants. In this article, we discuss the responsibilities of p...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100319
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:The need to reinvigorate medical confidentiality protections is recognised as an important objective in building patient trust necessary for successful health outcomes. Little is known about patient understanding and expectations from medical confidentiality. OBJECTIVE:To identify and describe patient views of...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2004.010280
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To study some ethical problems created by accession of a previously nomadic and traditional society to modern invasive medicine, by assessment of physicians' attitudes towards sharing information and decision-making with patients in the setting of a serious illness. DESIGN:Self-completion questionnaire admi...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.22.5.282
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genetic parenthood is usually portrayed as a value-neutral concept that can be confirmed or rejected based on objective, scientific tests. However, on inspection, it is exposed as a very complex idea that we might need to consider as something that comes in different shapes and forms and that is open to interpretation...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2013-101830
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the 1990s, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) has been the gold standard for monitoring glycaemic control in people diagnosed as having either type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Discussions are underway about diagnosing diabetes mellitus on the basis of HbA1C titres and using HbA1C tes...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100086
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper argues that the HFEA's recent report on sex selection abdicates its responsibility to give its own authentic advice on the matters within its remit, that it accepts arguments and conclusions that are implausible on the face of it and where they depend on empirical claims, produces no empirical evidence what...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2003.007526
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The paper considers and rejects two arguments against the performance of sexual reassignment surgery. First, it is argued that the operation is not mutilating, but functionally enabling. Second, it is argued that the operation is not objectionably deceptive, since, if there is such a thing as our 'real sex', we do not...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.13.2.86
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A quiet revolution is occurring in the field of transplantation. Traditionally, transplants have involved solid organs such as the kidney, heart and liver which are transplanted to prevent recipients from dying. Now transplants are being done of the face, hand, uterus, penis and larynx that aim at improving a recipien...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103348
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In summary, the discussion by Professors Helmchen and Müller-Oerlinghausen of the morality of clinical trials has emphasized a point that is frequently overlooked. It is an essential to consider those situations in which it might be unethical not to conduct a trial as it is to be concerned about the ways in which tria...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.1.4.174
更新日期:1975-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::My sexual rights puzzle according to which positive sexual rights are not compatible with negative sexual rights has been recently criticised in the Journal of Medical Ethics by Steven J Firth, who has put forward three objections to the puzzle. In this brief response, I analyse and reject each of these three objectio...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2019-105642
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Conflict is an important consideration in the intensive care unit (ICU). In this setting, conflict most commonly occurs over the 'best interests' of the incapacitated adult patient; for instance, when families seek aggressive life-sustaining treatments, which are thought by the medical team to be potentially inappropr...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-106177
更新日期:2020-07-06 00:00:00
abstract::The Handicap Division of the Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child (SPUC) organized picketing of Britain's Medical Research Council to protest against trials of multivitamin supplementation for high-risk pregnant women to prevent development of spina bifida in the fetus. The trials have been condemned by man...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.1136/jme.10.3.165
更新日期:1984-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Whenever some form of beneficent killing--for example, voluntary euthanasia--is advocated, the proposal is greeted with a flood of slippery-slope arguments warning of the dangers of a Nazi-style slide into genocide. This paper is an attempt systematically to evaluate arguments of this kind. Although there are slippery...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.19.3.169
更新日期:1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reproductive tourism is the travelling by candidate service recipients from one institution, jurisdiction, or country where treatment is not available to another institution, jurisdiction, or country where they can obtain the kind of medically assisted reproduction they desire. The more widespread this phenomenon, the...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.28.6.337
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Doctors, for several reasons, should be concerned with exorcism is the view of Professor Trethowan, who in this paper, looks at the main features of exorcism as practised in the middle ages and now appearing in the modern world, as was seen in the recent Ossett case in Britain. He examines in some detail the nature of...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anne Barnhill and Franklin Miller dispute my claim that the prescriptions of placebo treatments to patients are not typically deceptive, and do not typically violate the patients' informed consent. However, Barnhill and Miller seriously mischaracterise my position in two ways, as well as failing to show that the proce...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103082
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clinical genetics encompasses a wider range of activities than discussion of reproductive risks and options. Hence, it is possible for a clinical geneticist to reduce suffering associated with genetic disease without aiming to reduce the birth incidence of such diseases. Simple cost-benefit analyses of genetic-screeni...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.19.1.47
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Brisbane Supreme Court has denied an Australian woman's request to harvest and freeze her dead fiancé's sperm for future impregnation. After she was denied access to the sperm, the woman learnt that her fiancé may have been a sperm donor and she began checking to find out if his sperm was still available. Given wh...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2003.004432
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Body art as expressed through non-therapeutic bodily modification is extremely popular, with techniques ranging from the commonplace such as ear piercing to the more esoteric forms such as tongue splitting. Scarification is one such body art practice that is becoming popular as an alternative to tattooing and ear pier...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2008.027615
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The urgency of the resuscitation and the impaired ability of the patient to make a reasonable autonomous decision both conspire against adequate consideration of the principles of medical ethics. Informed consent is usually not possible for these reasons and this leads many to consider that consent is not required for...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.25.5.375
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is argued that the current policy of the British Medical Association (BMA) on conscientious objection is not aligned with recent human rights developments. These grant a right to conscientious objection to doctors in many more circumstances than the very few recognised by the BMA. However, this wide-ranging right m...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103222
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Medical ethical analysis remains dominated by the principlist account first proposed by Beauchamp and Childress. This paper argues that the principlist model is unreflective of how ethical decisions are taken in clinical practice. Two kinds of medical ethical decisions are distinguished: biosocial ethics and clinical ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100136
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, it has become almost axiomatic that biomedical research and clinical practice should be 'innovative'-that is, that they should be always evolving and directed towards the production, translation and implementation of new technologies and practices. While this drive towards innovation in biomedicine mi...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103048
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the context of 'Do-not-resuscitate' (DNR) decisions, there is a lack of information in the UK on the opinions of patients and prospective patients. Written anonymous responses to questionnaires issued to 322 out-patient subjects showed that 97 per cent would opt for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in their curr...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.19.2.104
更新日期:1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 2016, the Office of the State Coroner of New South Wales released its report into the death of an Australian woman, Sheila Drysdale, who had died from complications of an autologous stem cell procedure at a Sydney clinic. In this report, we argue that Mrs Drysdale's death was avoidable, and it was the result of a p...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2016-104046
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00