Abstract:
:COVID-19 pandemic presents an unprecedented challenge to identify effective drugs for treatment. Despite multiple clinical trials using different agents, there is still a lack of specific treatment for COVID-19. Having the potential role in suppressing inflammation, immune modulation, antiviral and improving respiratory symptoms, this review discusses the potential role of methylxanthine drugs like pentoxifylline and caffeine in the management of COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 pathogenesis for clinical features like severe pneumonia, acute lung injury (ALI) / acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multi-organ failures are excessive inflammation, oxidation, and cytokine storm by the exaggerated immune response. Drugs like pentoxifylline have already shown improvement of the symptoms of ARDS and caffeine has been in clinical use for decades to treat apnea of prematurity (AOP) in preterm infants and improve respiratory function. Pentoxifylline is well-known anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative molecules that have already shown to suppress Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) as well as other inflammatory cytokines in pulmonary diseases, and this may be beneficial for better clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Pentoxifylline enhances blood flow, improves microcirculation and tissue oxygenation, and caffeine also efficiently improves tissue oxygenation, asthma, decreases pulmonary hypertension and an effective analgesic. There are significant shreds of evidence that proved the properties of pentoxifylline and caffeine against virus-related diseases as well. Along with the aforementioned evidences and high safety profiles, both pentoxifylline and caffeine offer a glimpse of considerations for future use as a potential adjuvant to COVID-19 treatment. However, additional clinical studies are required to confirm this speculation.
journal_name
Eur J Pharmacoljournal_title
European journal of pharmacologyauthors
Monji F,Al-Mahmood Siddiquee A,Hashemian Fdoi
10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173561subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-11-15 00:00:00pages
173561eissn
0014-2999issn
1879-0712pii
S0014-2999(20)30653-1journal_volume
887pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::A comparison was made in awake rats between the analgesic and the respiratory depressant actions induced by the mu-opiate agonists morphine and Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-N-Me-Phe-Met-(O)-ol (FK-33824), and the delta-agonists Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu ( DADLE ) and Tyr-D-Ser-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-Thr (D-Ser2- Thr6 ), injected into the cereb...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-2999(84)90427-8
更新日期:1984-03-16 00:00:00
abstract::Dopamine agents (saline in control groups) were coadministered with indomethacin by either single or repeated application. The ulcerogenic effect (erosions and/or ulcers) of repeated given indomethacin on gastric mucosa differed clearly from that on intestinal mucosa. The effect on intestinal mucosa was markedly great...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-2999(88)90253-1
更新日期:1988-12-06 00:00:00
abstract::These studies examined the opioid and non-opioid in vivo and in vitro actions of PD117,302 (((±)-trans-N-methyl-N-[2-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]benzo[b]thiophene-4-acetamide), a kappa (κ)-opioid receptor agonist. PD117,302 selectively labeled the κ-opioid receptor in guinea pig cerebellar membranes and in mice the ED...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.018
更新日期:2015-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::Cocaine and a cocaine analog, WIN 36,065-2, were administered daily for 3 or 4 days. Both compounds developed sensitization to their locomotor stimulatory effects, with similarly shaped dose-response curves. Dosages giving optimal sensitization were 25 mg/kg per day for cocaine and 3 mg/kg for WIN 35,065-2. At 40 mg/k...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-2999(86)90184-6
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abstract::Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine, adenine and inosine were injected intradermally into the backs of human volunteers. ATP, ADP and AMP evoked weal and flare responses in the skin in a dose dependent manner. The rank order of potency was ATP greater tha...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-2999(81)90110-2
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abstract::D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is an astroglial enzyme abundantly present in the pain sensing regions including brain and spinal cord. There have been studies indicating an upregulation and increased activity of DAAO in different pain models. Furthermore, the upregulation of DAAO also results in the development of morphi...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.05.001
更新日期:2019-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Using the curve-shift method, we studied the effects of four doses (0.003, 0.03, 0.3 and 3 mg/kg, s.c.) of granisetron (endo-N-(9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-indazole-3- carboxamide hydrochloride), a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, on the potentiation of brain stimulatio...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-2999(95)00497-1
更新日期:1995-12-20 00:00:00
abstract::Glycine, ADTN and ergometrine, but not LSD, induced strong dose-related contraversive turning following unilateral microinjections into the substantia nigra (zona reticulata) of conscious rats. The responses to glycine and ADTN were blocked by low doses of systemically injected cis-Z-flupenthixol but were unaffected b...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-2999(82)90199-6
更新日期:1982-10-22 00:00:00
abstract::Statin medications diminish cholesterol biosynthesis and are commonly prescribed to reduce cardiovascular disease. Statins also reduce production of ubiquinol, a vital component of mitochondrial energy production; ubiquinol reduction may contribute to rhabdomyolysis. Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells were treated with eith...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.009
更新日期:2013-07-05 00:00:00
abstract::Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production is thought to have beneficial immunomodulatory effects in acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. In Raw 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic inflammation, withaferin A inhibited LPS-induced expre...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.09.017
更新日期:2008-12-03 00:00:00
abstract::In the present study, we investigated the vasculoprotective effect of sigma-1 receptor stimulation with fluvoxamine on pressure overload hypertrophy-induced vascular injury in the thoracic aorta and defined mechanisms underlying that activity. Wistar rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy, and two weeks later were furth...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.055
更新日期:2011-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::A series of 26 drugs was tested for in vitro binding to opiate receptors in the presence and absence of 0.1 M NaCl. The results were correlated with assays for in vivo pharmacological potency. Highly significant correlation was found between binding in the presence and absence of sodium ions and analgesic potency. For...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-2999(77)90334-x
更新日期:1977-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(96)00954-5
更新日期:1997-03-05 00:00:00
abstract::Proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play crucial roles in the development of vascular restenosis. Our previous study showed that CCN4, namely Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1), significantly promotes proliferation and migration of rat VSMCs, but its mechanism remains un...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.027
更新日期:2016-10-05 00:00:00
abstract::The pharmacological features of dopamine receptors in identifiable giant neurone types of a snail (Achatina fulica Férussac) were studied. Under voltage clamp, two neurone types, LVMN (left ventral multiple spike neurone) and d-RPeAN (dorsal-right pedal anterior neurone), produced an inward current (Iin) in response t...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-2999(95)00301-z
更新日期:1995-09-05 00:00:00
abstract::It is known that low-dose aspirin is effective in coronary artery therapy, although it has not yet been clarified how it exerts its action. Here, we report that treatment of coronary artery patients with 100 mg/day of aspirin does not attenuate thrombin generation, but reduces free thrombin by favouring the formation ...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02925-4
更新日期:2003-01-26 00:00:00
abstract::A single undrugged experience of the elevated plus-maze modifies future drug responses in the test. The present study investigated the effects of maze-experience on the acute behavioral effects of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine and the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Phenelzine (2.5-12.5 mg/kg) ha...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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abstract::The new antisecretory drug, telenzepine (4,9-dihydro-3-methyl-4-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl]-10H-thieno-[3,4 - b][1,5]benzodiazepin-10-one), was investigated for its inhibition of functionally intact muscarinic receptors involved in gastric acid secretion in rabbit fundic glands, perfused mouse stomach in vitro, p...
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journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
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journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.050
更新日期:2010-02-10 00:00:00
abstract::Pristinamycin IA is a cyclo-peptidic macrolactone antibiotic belonging to the streptogramin family. In the present work, the interaction of pristinamycin IA with the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein was investigated in the differentiated human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2. Pristinamycin IA specifically i...
journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.036
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journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-2999(94)90021-3
更新日期:1994-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1999-05-21 00:00:00
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journal_title:European journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.08.030
更新日期:2005-10-31 00:00:00