Abstract:
:The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the global health crisis of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. No evidence is yet available for CoV infection into hosts upon zoonotic disease outbreak, although the CoV epidemy resembles influenza viruses, which use sialic acid (SA). Currently, information on SARS-CoV-2 and its receptors is limited. O-acetylated SAs interact with the lectin-like spike glycoprotein of SARS CoV-2 for the initial attachment of viruses to enter into the host cells. SARS-CoV-2 hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) acts as the classical glycan-binding lectin and receptor-degrading enzyme. Most β-CoVs recognize 9-O-acetyl-SAs but switched to recognizing the 4-O-acetyl-SA form during evolution of CoVs. Type I HE is specific for the 9-O-Ac-SAs and type II HE is specific for 4-O-Ac-SAs. The SA-binding shift proceeds through quasi-synchronous adaptations of the SA-recognition sites of the lectin and esterase domains. The molecular switching of HE acquisition of 4-O-acetyl binding from 9-O-acetyl SA binding is caused by protein-carbohydrate interaction (PCI) or lectin-carbohydrate interaction (LCI). The HE gene was transmitted to a β-CoV lineage A progenitor by horizontal gene transfer from a 9-O-Ac-SA-specific HEF, as in influenza virus C/D. HE acquisition, and expansion takes place by cross-species transmission over HE evolution. This reflects viral evolutionary adaptation to host SA-containing glycans. Therefore, CoV HE receptor switching precedes virus evolution driven by the SA-glycan diversity of the hosts. The PCI or LCI stereochemistry potentiates the SA-ligand switch by a simple conformational shift of the lectin and esterase domains. Therefore, examination of new emerging viruses can lead to better understanding of virus evolution toward transitional host tropism. A clear example of HE gene transfer is found in the BCoV HE, which prefers 7,9-di-O-Ac-SAs, which is also known to be a target of the bovine torovirus HE. A more exciting case of such a switching event occurs in the murine CoVs, with the example of the β-CoV lineage A type binding with two different subtypes of the typical 9-O-Ac-SA (type I) and the exclusive 4-O-Ac-SA (type II) attachment factors. The protein structure data for type II HE also imply the virus switching to binding 4-O acetyl SA from 9-O acetyl SA. Principles of the protein-glycan interaction and PCI stereochemistry potentiate the SA-ligand switch via simple conformational shifts of the lectin and esterase domains. Thus, our understanding of natural adaptation can be specified to how carbohydrate/glycan-recognizing proteins/molecules contribute to virus evolution toward host tropism. Under the current circumstances where reliable antiviral therapeutics or vaccination tools are lacking, several trials are underway to examine viral agents. As expected, structural and non-structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are currently being targeted for viral therapeutic designation and development. However, the modern global society needs SARS-CoV-2 preventive and therapeutic drugs for infected patients. In this review, the structure and sialobiology of SARS-CoV-2 are discussed in order to encourage and activate public research on glycan-specific interaction-based drug creation in the near future.
journal_name
Int J Mol Scijournal_title
International journal of molecular sciencesauthors
Kim CHdoi
10.3390/ijms21124549subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-06-26 00:00:00issue
12issn
1422-0067pii
ijms21124549journal_volume
21pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is recalcitrant to Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation largely due to the bactericidal effects of tea polyphenols and phenolics oxidation induced by necrosis of explant tissue over the process of transformation. In this study, different antioxidants/adsorbents were added as supplem...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms17071132
更新日期:2016-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::The regeneration of neurons is an important goal of neuroscience and clinical medicine. The electrical stimulation of cells is a promising technique to meet this goal. However, its efficiency highly depends on the electrochemical properties of the stimulation electrodes used. This work reports on the preparation and u...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms20082013
更新日期:2019-04-24 00:00:00
abstract::Aerobic metabolism occurs in a background of oxygen radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that originate from the incomplete reduction of molecular oxygen in electron transfer reactions. The essential role of aerobic metabolism, the generation and consumption of ATP and other high energy phosphates, sustains a ba...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms12106469
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Auxin plays crucial roles in multiple developmental processes, such as embryogenesis, organogenesis, cell determination and division, as well as tropic responses. These processes are finely coordinated by the auxin, which requires the polar distribution of auxin within tissues and cells. The intercellular directionali...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms19092759
更新日期:2018-09-14 00:00:00
abstract::Radish cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been widely used for breeding in Raphanus and Brassica genera. However, the detailed regulation network of the male sterility remains to be determined. Our previous work has shown that the abnormalities in a CMS radish appeared shortly after the tetrad stage when microspores...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms17010042
更新日期:2016-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Perinatal stem cells have been regarded as an attractive and available cell source for medical research and clinical trials in recent years. Multiple stem cell types have been identified in the human placenta. Recent advances in knowledge on placental stem cells have revealed that human amniotic epithelial stem cells ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms21207730
更新日期:2020-10-19 00:00:00
abstract::Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. Plant species respond to N fluctuations and N sources, i.e., ammonium or nitrate, differently. Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) is one of the pioneer plants in the southern forests of China. It shows better growth when grown in medium containi...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms21207548
更新日期:2020-10-13 00:00:00
abstract::Land plants are anchored in one place for most of their life cycle and therefore must constantly adapt their growth and metabolism to abiotic stresses such as light intensity, temperature and the availability of water and essential minerals. Thus, plants' subsistence depends on their ability to regulate rapidly gene e...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms10073168
更新日期:2009-07-10 00:00:00
abstract::Acetylation of nuclear apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is associated with its extracellular secretion, despite the lack of an N-terminal protein secretion signal. In this study, we investigated plasma membrane targeting and translocation of APE1/Ref-1 in HEK293T cells with enhanced ace...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms20133178
更新日期:2019-06-28 00:00:00
abstract::The variable nature of vascular dysfunction in diabetes is not well understood. We explored the functional adaptation of different arteries in db/db mice in relation to increased severity and duration of diabetes. We compared endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in the aortae, as well as the carotid and...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms21176147
更新日期:2020-08-26 00:00:00
abstract::Rhodobactersphaeroides has two chemotaxis clusters, an Escherichia coli-like cluster with membrane-spanning chemoreceptors and a less-understood cytoplasmic cluster. The cytoplasmic CheA is split into CheA4, a kinase, and CheA3, a His-domain phosphorylated by CheA4 and a phosphatase domain, which together phosphorylat...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms20205095
更新日期:2019-10-14 00:00:00
abstract::Agarwood is the fragrant resinous material mainly formed from species of Aquilaria. 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, especially the highly oxidized 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, are the main representative compounds from agarwood. It is important to determine whether agarwood in trade is from cultivated tr...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms17050771
更新日期:2016-05-23 00:00:00
abstract::Prostate cancer (PC) is a frequent male malignancy and represents the second most diagnosed cancer in men. Since pre-cancerous lesions, i.e., the high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), can be detected years before progression to PC, early diagnosis and chemoprevention are targeted strategies to reduce...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms15011433
更新日期:2014-01-21 00:00:00
abstract::The rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, used in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a brain function-improving herb, is a promising source of neuroprotective substances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective action of xanthones from A. asphodeloides rhizomes on the PC12 cell line exposed to the neur...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms21072510
更新日期:2020-04-04 00:00:00
abstract::For possible future use in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and/or Photothermal Therapy (PTT) of cancer and screening of cancer cells a new type of ionic liquid photosensitizer -Cholinium-Purpurin-18 (Chol-Pu-18) - was synthesized and small gold (Au) nanoparticles, stabilized by this photosensitizer were prepared without ad...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms9050864
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::CX3CL1 can function as both an adhesion molecule and a chemokine for CX3CR1+ cells, such as T cells, monocytes, and NK cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that CX3CL1-CX3CR1 interaction is associated with the development of various inflammatory skin diseases. In this study, we examined CX3CR1 involvement in 2,4-di...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms21197401
更新日期:2020-10-07 00:00:00
abstract::Legume root nodules develop as a result of a symbiotic relationship between the plant and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria in soil. Auxin activity is detected in different cell types at different stages of nodule development; as well as an enhanced sensitivity to auxin inhibits, which could affect nodule development....
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms18122547
更新日期:2017-11-28 00:00:00
abstract::Background: To evaluate the distribution of the transforming growth factor-beta induced (TGFBI) corneal dystrophies in a multi-ethnic population in Singapore, and to present the different phenotypes with the same genotype. Methods: This study included 32 patients. Slit lamp biomicroscopy was performed for each patient...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms22031230
更新日期:2021-01-27 00:00:00
abstract::Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud), commonly known as China grass, is a perennial bast fiber plant of the Urticaceae. In China, ramie farming, industry, and trade provide income for about five million people. Drought stress severely affects ramie stem growth and causes a dramatic decrease in ramie fiber production. There...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms16023493
更新日期:2015-02-04 00:00:00
abstract::Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide. Ozone depletion and climate changes might cause a further increase in the incidence rate in the future. Although the early detection of skin cancer enables it to be treated successfully, some tumours can evolve and become more aggressive, especially in the case ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms20225781
更新日期:2019-11-17 00:00:00
abstract::The shortage of donor organs is a major global concern. Organ failure requires the transplantation of functional organs. Donor's organs are preserved for variable periods of warm and cold ischemia time, which requires placing them into a preservation device. Ischemia and reperfusion damage the organs, due to the lack ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms20215511
更新日期:2019-11-05 00:00:00
abstract::Zika virus (ZIKV) acquired a special relevance due to the pandemic that occurred in the Americas in 2015, when an important number of fetal microcephaly cases occurred. Since then, numerous studies have tried to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms and the potential therapeutic approaches to combat the virus. Cellular ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms22010035
更新日期:2020-12-22 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this article is to review current knowledge related to the synthesis and characterization of sol gel-derived SBA-16 mesoporous silicas, as well as a review of the state of the art in this issue, to take stock of knowledge about current and future applications. The ease of the method of preparation, the orde...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms11093069
更新日期:2010-08-31 00:00:00
abstract::The phytohormone auxin regulates various developmental programs in plants, including cell growth, cell division and cell differentiation. The auxin efflux carriers are essential for the auxin transport. To show an involvement of auxin transporters in the coordination of fruit development in bitter gourd, a juicy fruit...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms18112343
更新日期:2017-11-06 00:00:00
abstract::Omega-3 fatty acids are important to pregnancy and neonatal development and health. One mechanism by which omega-3 fatty acids exert their protective effects is through serving as substrates for the generation of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) that potently limit and resolve inflammatory processes. We...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms20184402
更新日期:2019-09-07 00:00:00
abstract::For patients with end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis, their vascular access is both their lifeline and their Achilles heel. Despite being recommended as primary vascular access, the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) shows sub-optimal results, with about 50% of patients needing a revision during the year followin...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms20215387
更新日期:2019-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumour in children and adolescents. Due to micrometastatic spread, radical surgery alone rarely results in cure. Introduction of combination chemotherapy in the 1970s, however, dramatically increased overall survival rates from 20% to approximately 70%. Unfortunat...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms21186885
更新日期:2020-09-19 00:00:00
abstract::Drug delivery nanocarriers, especially targeted drug delivery by liposomes are emerging as a class of therapeutics for cancer. Early research results suggest that liposomal therapeutics enhanced efficacy, while simultaneously reducing side effects, owing to properties such as more targeted localization in tumors and a...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms16010230
更新日期:2014-12-24 00:00:00
abstract::Agricultural production continues to be constrained by a number of biotic and abiotic factors that can reduce crop yield quantity and quality. Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient that affects most of the biochemical and physiological processes that influence plant growth and metabolism. It also contributes to the s...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3390/ijms14047370
更新日期:2013-04-02 00:00:00
abstract::The antifungal activity of polygodial, a secondary metabolite extracted from Canelo, on mycelial growth of different Botrytis cinerea isolates has been evaluated. The results show that polygodial affects growth of normal and resistant isolates of B. cinerea with EC50 values ranging between 117 and 175 ppm. In addition...
journal_title:International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3390/ijms18112251
更新日期:2017-10-27 00:00:00