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Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase promotes the inflammatory and autophagy responses in Huntington disease.

Abstract：

:Huntington disease (HD) is caused by an expansion mutation of the N-terminal polyglutamine of huntingtin (mHTT). mHTT is ubiquitously present, but it induces noticeable damage to the brain's striatum, thereby affecting motor, psychiatric, and cognitive functions. The striatal damage and progression of HD are associated with the inflammatory response; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a DNA sensor, is a critical regulator of inflammatory and autophagy responses in HD. Ribosome profiling revealed that the cGAS mRNA has high ribosome occupancy at exon 1 and codon-specific pauses at positions 171 (CCG) and 172 (CGT) in HD striatal cells. Moreover, the protein levels and activity of cGAS (based on the phosphorylated STING and phosphorylated TBK1 levels), and the expression and ribosome occupancy of cGAS-dependent inflammatory genes (Ccl5 and Cxcl10) are increased in HD striatum. Depletion of cGAS diminishes cGAS activity and decreases the expression of inflammatory genes while suppressing the up-regulation of autophagy in HD cells. In contrast, reinstating cGAS in cGAS-depleted HD cells activates cGAS activity and promotes inflammatory and autophagy responses. Ribosome profiling also revealed that LC3A and LC3B, the two major autophagy initiators, show altered ribosome occupancy in HD cells. We also detected the presence of numerous micronuclei, which are known to induce cGAS, in the cytoplasm of neurons derived from human HD embryonic stem cells. Collectively, our results indicate that cGAS is up-regulated in HD and mediates inflammatory and autophagy responses. Thus, targeting the cGAS pathway may offer therapeutic benefits in HD.

journal_name

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

journal_title

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors

Sharma M,Rajendrarao S,Shahani N,Ramírez-Jarquín UN,Subramaniam S

doi

10.1073/pnas.2002144117

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-07-07 00:00:00

pages

15989-15999

issue

eissn

0027-8424

issn

1091-6490

pii

2002144117

journal_volume

117

pub_type

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Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase promotes the inflammatory and autophagy responses in Huntington disease.