Abstract：
:Muscle contraction is initiated by the interaction between actin and myosin filaments. The sliding of actin filaments relative to myosin filaments is produced by cross-bridge cycling, which is governed by the theoretical framework of the cross-bridge theory. The cross-bridge theory explains well a number of mechanical responses, such as isometric and concentric contractions. However, some experimental observations cannot be explained with the cross-bridge theory; for example, the increased isometric force after eccentric contractions. The steady-state, isometric force after an eccentric contraction is greater than that attained in a purely isometric contraction at the same muscle length and same activation level. This well-acknowledged and universally observed property is referred to as residual force enhancement (rFE). Since rFE cannot be explained by the cross-bridge theory, alternative mechanisms for explaining this force response have been proposed. In this review, we introduce the basic concepts of sarcomere length non-uniformity and titin elasticity, which are the primary candidates that have been used for explaining rFE, and discuss unresolved problems regarding these mechanisms, and how to proceed with future experiments in this exciting area of research.
journal_name
Int J Mol Scijournal_title
International journal of molecular sciencesauthors
Fukutani A,Herzog Wdoi
10.3390/ijms20215479subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-11-04 00:00:00issue
21issn
1422-0067pii
ijms20215479journal_volume
20pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The regeneration of neurons is an important goal of neuroscience and clinical medicine. The electrical stimulation of cells is a promising technique to meet this goal. However, its efficiency highly depends on the electrochemical properties of the stimulation electrodes used. This work reports on the preparation and u...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20082013
更新日期：2019-04-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents an important problem of global health. The damage related to TBI is first due to the direct injury and then to a secondary phase in which neuroinflammation plays a key role. NLRP3 inflammasome is a component of the innate immune response and different diseases, such as neurodege...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21176204
更新日期：2020-08-27 00:00:00
abstract：:The basic helix-loop helix (bHLH) transcription factor has been inferred to play an important role in blue and purple grain traits in common wheat, but to date, its overexpression has not been reported. In this study, the bHLH transcription factor ThMYC4E, the candidate gene controlling the blue grain trait from Th. P...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21010137
更新日期：2019-12-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Phytochelatins (PCs) play an important role in detoxification of heavy metals in plants. PCs are synthesized from glutathione by phytochelatin synthase (PCS), a dipeptidyltransferase. Sesbania rostrata is a tropical legume plant that can tolerate high concentrations of Cd and Zn. In this study, the S. rostrata PCS gen...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms10083269
更新日期：2009-07-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Although mTOR (the mammalian target of rapamycin) can regulate intracellular free Ca2+concentration in normal cultured podocytes, it remains elusive as to how mTORC2/AKT-mediated Ca2+participates in the process of T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis. The potential signaling responsible for intracellular Ca2+ concentration cha...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms19113360
更新日期：2018-10-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been widely used in several molecular and cellular biology applications, since it is remarkably stable in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, native GFP is resistant to the most common chemical denaturants; however, a low fluorescence signal has been observed after acid-induced denatu...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms12074625
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lipid peroxidation products, such as 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), may be increased in the body fluids and tissues of patients with neurodegenerative diseases and trigger microglial dysfunction involved in neurodegeneration. It is therefore important to identify synthetic and natural molecules able to impair the toxic effe...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms17121973
更新日期：2016-11-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Among the four immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, IgG4 is the least represented in serum of a healthy human and it is considered an "odd" antibody. The IgG4 antibody has unique structural features that affect its biological function. These include the ability to undergo antigen-binding fragment (Fab)-arm exchange, to ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21145017
更新日期：2020-07-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) has the most relevant biological functions among PPARs. Activation by drugs and dietary components lead to major metabolic changes, from reduced triglyceridemia to improvement in the metabolic syndrome. Polymorphisms of PPARα are of interest in order to improve our ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20184378
更新日期：2019-09-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a fatal medical episode caused by sudden kidney damage or failure, leading to the death of patients within a few hours or days. Previous studies demonstrated that exosomes derived from various mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC-exosomes) have positive effects on renal injuries in multiple...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21134774
更新日期：2020-07-05 00:00:00
abstract：:In allergic bronchial asthma, an increased smooth muscle contractility of the airways is one of the causes of the airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Increasing evidence also suggests a possible involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in airway diseases, including asthma, although their roles in function and pathology largely...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21217982
更新日期：2020-10-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Legume root nodules develop as a result of a symbiotic relationship between the plant and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria in soil. Auxin activity is detected in different cell types at different stages of nodule development; as well as an enhanced sensitivity to auxin inhibits, which could affect nodule development....
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms18122547
更新日期：2017-11-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Multiple myeloma (MM)-induced bone disease occurs through hyperactivation of osteoclasts by several factors secreted by MM cells. MM cell-secreted factors induce osteoclast differentiation and activation via direct and indirect actions including enhanced expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RA...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21217905
更新日期：2020-10-24 00:00:00
abstract：:This review, one in a series on myotonic dystrophy (DM), is focused on the development and potential use of small molecules as therapeutics for DM. The complex mechanisms and pathogenesis of DM are covered in the associated reviews. Here, we examine the various small molecule approaches taken to target the DNA, RNA, a...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20164017
更新日期：2019-08-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NBCIE) is a hereditary disorder of keratinization caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding enzymes important to lipid processing and terminal keratinocyte differentiation. Impaired function of these enzymes can cause pathologic epidermal scaling, significantly ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms160921791
更新日期：2015-09-09 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The aim of this review was to evaluate the adjunctive effect of autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) for the treatment of furcation defects, in terms of scientific quality of the clinical trials and regeneration parameters assessment. METHODS:A systematic search was carried out in the electronic database...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.3390/ijms20061347
更新日期：2019-03-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Fertilization is a cell biological phenomenon of crucial importance for the birth of new life in a variety of multicellular and sexual reproduction species such as algae, animal and plants. Fertilization involves a sequence of events, in which the female gamete "egg" and the male gamete "spermatozoon (sperm)" develop,...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms16010114
更新日期：2014-12-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Unlike orthodox species, seed recalcitrance is poorly understood, especially at the molecular level. In this regard, seed maturation and germination were studied in the non-orthodox Quercus ilex by using a proteomics strategy based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption ioni...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21144870
更新日期：2020-07-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Olive oil and table olives are rich sources of biophenols, which provides a unique taste, aroma and potential health benefits. Specifically, green olive drupes are enriched with oleuropein, a bioactive biophenol secoiridoid. Olive oil contains hydrolytic derivatives such as hydroxytyrosol, oleacein and elenolate from ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms18050992
更新日期：2017-05-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) is a zinc-containing metalloenzyme whose aberrant activity is associated with various diseases such as glaucoma, osteoporosis, and different types of tumors; therefore, the development of CAII inhibitors, which can represent promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of these pathologi...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms19071851
更新日期：2018-06-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Marine environments harbor a wide range of microorganisms from the three domains of life. These microorganisms have great potential to enable discovery of new enzymes and bioactive compounds for industrial use. However, only ~1% of microorganisms from the environment can currently be identified through cultured isolat...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms161226101
更新日期：2015-11-27 00:00:00
abstract：:We report the characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers in the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, a pest registered in the list of "100 of the world's worst invasive alien species". The fast isolation by AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) metho...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms12095993
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nano Ag has excellent antibacterial properties and is widely used in various antibacterial materials, such as antibacterial medicine and medical devices, food packaging materials and antibacterial textiles. Despite the many benefits of nano-Ag, more and more research indicates that it may have potential biotoxic effec...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21051618
更新日期：2020-02-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Melanin is an important phenolic skin pigment found throughout the animal kingdom. Tyrosine and its hydroxylated product dopa provide the starting material for melanin biosynthesis in all animals. Through a set of well-established reactions, they are converted to 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and DHI-2-carboxylic acid (DH...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21197321
更新日期：2020-10-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in many important processes, including the growth, development, and responses to the environments, in rice (Oryza sativa) and Magnaporthe oryzae. Although ROS are known to be critical components in rice⁻M. oryzae interactions, their regulations and pathways have not yet been ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20051191
更新日期：2019-03-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, inflammatory processes that affect the gastrointestinal tract and are mainly represented by ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Omega 3 (ω3) fatty acids (eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) show an indispensable role in the inflammatory processes ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20194851
更新日期：2019-09-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Of the multiple sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the blood vessel, NADPH oxidases are the primary source. Whereas several studies have implicated NADPH oxidases in the initiation of atherosclerosis, their roles in disease progression are incompletely understood. Our objective was to determine the potential ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms140817017
更新日期：2013-08-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Given their extremely small size and light weight, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be readily inhaled by human lungs resulting in increased rates of pulmonary disorders, particularly fibrosis. Although the fibrogenic potential of CNTs is well established, there is a lack of consensus regarding the contribution of physicoc...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms15057444
更新日期：2014-04-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Increasing evidence has shown that many chronic diseases originate from early life, even before birth, through what are termed as fetal programming effects. Glucocorticoids are frequently used prenatally to accelerate the maturation of the lungs of premature infants. High-fat diets are associated with insulin resistan...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms17040533
更新日期：2016-04-08 00:00:00
abstract：:In the two decades since its discovery, a large body of evidence has amassed to highlight the potential of 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) as an antiobesity drug, whose pleiotropic signaling actions profoundly impact energy metabolism. In the present review, we recapitulate the most relevant properties of T1AM, including its...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21062005
更新日期：2020-03-15 00:00:00
