Abstract：
PURPOSE:The purpose of this research is to determine the pacing and nutrition strategies which minimize completion time and carbohydrate intake for athletes competing in ultramarathon races. METHODS:We present the formulation of a two-phase optimization model. The first-phase mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP) determines the minimum completion time subject to the altitude, terrain, and distance of the race, as well as the mass and cardiovascular fitness of the athlete. The second-phase MINLP determines the minimum carbohydrate intake required for the athlete to achieve the completion time prescribed by the first-phase subject to the flow of carbohydrates through the stomach, liver, and muscles. Consequently, the second-phase model provides the optimal pacing and nutrition strategies for a particular athlete for each kilometer of a particular race. RESULTS:We validate model results for a wide range of athlete parameters by comparing completion times to those reported for two case-study events. We also compare the kilometer-by-kilometer pacing and nutrition strategies prescribed by the model to those of a particular athlete. In all cases, the model results closely match those witnessed in the actual events. CONCLUSION:We have developed a baseline metabolic model that provides athletes prescriptive guidance regarding optimal pacing and carbohydrate intake strategies prior to competing in ultramarathon races. Given the highly variable topographical characteristics common to many ultramarathon courses and the potential inexperience of many athletes with such courses, our model provides valuable insight to competitors who might otherwise fail to complete the event due to exhaustion or carbohydrate depletion.
journal_name
Eur J Appl Physioljournal_title
European journal of applied physiologyauthors
Pruitt KA,Hill JMdoi
10.1007/s00421-017-3741-7subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-12-01 00:00:00pages
2527-2545issue
12eissn
1439-6319issn
1439-6327pii
10.1007/s00421-017-3741-7journal_volume
117pub_type
杂志文章abstract：PURPOSE:23Na MRI demonstrated increased tissue sodium concentrations in a number of pathologies. Acute atrophy results in muscle fibre volume shrinking that may result in a relative increase of extracellular volume and might affect sodium concentration. Thus, we hypothesized that local unloading of the calf muscles wou...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-017-3647-4
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To compare the effect of hyperthermia on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in men and women, VO2max was measured in 11 male and 11 female runners under seven conditions involving various ambient temperatures (Ta at 50% RH) and preheating designed to manipulate the esophageal (Tes) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures at VO2m...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-004-1053-1
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development of three dimensional laser scanning technology and sophisticated graphics editing software have allowed an alternative and potentially more accurate determination of body surface area (BSA). Raw whole-body scans of 641 adults (395 men and 246 women) were obtained from the anthropometric data base of th...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s004210100484
更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The measurement of endurance time ( t(lim)) is the procedure commonly used to quantify the ability of a muscle to maintain force. The relationship between surface electromyographic (sEMG) manifestations of localised muscle fatigue and t(lim) during an effort at 50% of maximal voluntary isometric torque of the knee ext...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-002-0645-x
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To clarify the clinical usefulness of the second derivative of the waveform of the fingertip photoplethysmogram (SDPTG), we examined the relationship between the pattern of the SDPTG waveform and risk factors related to atherosclerosis in 1,495 boys and girls aged 9-17 years. The fingertip photoplethysmogram and its s...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s004210100520
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:This study compared responses to static stretching between eccentrically damaged and non-damaged muscles. METHODS:Twelve young men performed 60 maximum knee flexor eccentric contractions of one leg, and received a 300-s continuous passive static stretching at tolerable intensity without pain to both knee flexo...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-014-3079-3
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Passive muscle stiffness and muscle architecture at a given joint angle, as well as slack angle of the muscle have been shown to change after an acute bout of stretching. However, it remains unclear whether passive muscle stiffness at a given fascicle length is reduced after stretching. We aimed to elucidate th...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-017-3550-z
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to investigate whether different modes of single-bout exercise would cause different responses in short-term bone metabolism. 24 untrained male college students (19.1 ± 0.1 years old) were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups: (1) a single-bout plyometric exercise group (the PL...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-011-2108-8
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiovascular autonomic function is associated with physical performance and exercise training adaptation. The association between physical performance and sympathetic regulation is not well known. We hypothesized that sympathetic nervous system activity is associated with physical performance among male runners. The...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-007-0618-1
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Polyphenolic curcumin is known to have potent anti-inflammatory effects; thus the present study investigated the hypothesis that curcumin ingestion would attenuate muscle damage after eccentric exercise. METHODS:Fourteen untrained young men (24 ± 1 years) performed 50 maximal isokinetic (120°/s) eccentric cont...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-015-3170-4
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present experiment investigated the control of bipedal posture following localised muscle fatigue of the plantar-flexors and finger-flexors. Twelve young healthy adults voluntarily participated in this study. They were asked to stand upright as still as possible with their eyes closed in two randomly ordered exper...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-011-2009-x
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 2 weeks of ankle joint immobilization on triceps surae neural activation, with particular emphasis on the potential differences between the monoarticular soleus and the biarticular gastrocnemius muscles. Seventeen male volunteers were divided into the immobili...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-004-1225-z
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Protective clothing (PPC) can have negative effects on worker performance. Currently little is known about the metabolic effects of PPC and previous work has been limited to a few garments and simple walking or stepping. This study investigated the effects of a wide range of PPC on energy consumption during different ...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-008-0924-2
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Previous studies suggest that exercise and heat stress improve cutaneous endothelial function, caused by increases in shear stress. However, as vasodilatation in the skin is primarily a thermogenic phenomenon, we investigated if shear stress alone without increases in skin temperature that occur with exercise a...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-017-3732-8
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Increased risk of arrhythmic events occurs at certain times during the circadian cycle with the highest risk being in the second and fourth quarter of the day. Exercise improves treatment outcome in individuals with cardiovascular disease. How different exercise protocols affect the circadian rhythm and the ass...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-015-3185-x
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Iron is utilised by the body for oxygen transport and energy production, and is therefore essential to athletic performance. Commonly, athletes are diagnosed as iron deficient, however, contrasting evidence exists as to the severity of deficiency and the effect on performance. Iron losses can result from a host of mec...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise and pre-exercise dietary manipulation on hepatic triglyceride concentration (HTGC). HTGC was measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) before and after 90 min of moderate intensity cycling in six endurance trained males following 67 h ...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-011-2158-y
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Space flight is a new experience for humans. Humans adapt if not perfectly, rather well to life without gravity. There is a reductive remodeling of the musculo-skeletal system. Protein is lost from muscles and calcium from bones with anti-gravity functions. The observed biochemical and physiological changes reflect th...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00421-012-2548-9
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:High-intensity exercise shares similarities with acute phase responses of inflammatory diseases. We investigated the influences of acute exercise on inflammatory markers, plasma pentraxin3 (PTX3) and serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP) (hsCRP). Nine healthy male subjects (41 ± 3 years old) participated. Each...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-010-1572-x
更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an ultra-marathon on heart rate variability (HRV) and psychometric indices in endurance runners. In addition, we aimed to determine the magnitude of change and subsequent recovery for 7 days following the race. METHODS:Recreationally trained runners (n = 1...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-019-04187-6
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ten subjects suffering from incomplete spinal cord injuries, clinically diagnosed as walking with Trendelenburg gait, underwent a 2 month therapy program to strengthen their muscles and reduce their gait abnormalities. Therapy involved muscle strengthening and gait training for 2 h a day, 5 days a week in a clinic. Bi...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s004210100466
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:This study aimed at identifying the short-term effect of creep deformation on the trunk repositioning sense. METHODS:Twenty healthy participants performed two different trunk-repositioning tasks (20° and 30° trunk extension) before and after a prolonged static full trunk flexion of 20 min in order to induce sp...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-017-3754-2
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The most important anatomical determinants of in vivo joint moment magnitude have yet to be defined. Relationships between maximal knee extensor moment and quadriceps muscle volume, anatomical (ACSA) and physiological (PCSA) cross-sectional area, muscle architecture and moment arm (MA) were compared. Nineteen untraine...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-008-0972-7
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this review, we examine the literature in light of the mechanical principles that govern linear accelerated running. While the scientific literature concerning sprint mechanics is comprehensive, these principles of fundamental mechanics present some pitfalls which can (and does) lead to misinterpretations of findin...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00421-019-04139-0
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of intense exercise on the metabolism of adenine nucleotides in the liver. In the first experiment, to determine the degradation of adenine nucleotides, hepatic adenine nucleotides of rats were labeled by an intraperitoneal administration of 15N-labeled adenin...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-005-0106-4
更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was undertaken to determine the cell adhesion molecule profile of CD4+, CD8hi and CD56+ lymphocytes, which are mobilised to and from the peripheral blood during and after prolonged aerobic exercise. Ten healthy males (21-35 years old) were tested on two occasions, separated by at least 14 days. On the first...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s004210000374
更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hemodynamic abnormalities have been documented in the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), indicating functional disturbances of the autonomic nervous system responsible for cardiovascular regulation. The aim of this study was to explore blood pressure variability and closed-loop baroreflex function at rest and during mild...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-010-1670-9
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Near-infrared finger photoplethysmograms were recorded and double-normalized pulse volumes (DNPV = DeltaV(b)/V(b); V(b) = total blood volume in the fingertip, DeltaV(b) = pulsatile component of V(b)) were calculated in ten subjects during, immersion of the contralateral hand in water at three different temperatures (4...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/PL00013788
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:We investigated the effect of post-exercise sauna bathing on plasma volume (PV) expansion and whether such responses can be tracked by changes in heart rate (HR)-based measures. METHODS:Seven, well-trained male cyclists were monitored for 35 consecutive days (17 days baseline training, 10 days training plus sa...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-014-3060-1
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Major sporting events are often held in hot and humid environmental conditions. Cooling techniques have been used to reduce the risk of heat illness following exercise. This study compared the efficacy of five cooling techniques, hand immersion (HI), whole body fanning (WBF), an air cooled garment (ACG), a liquid cool...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-009-1135-1
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
