Abstract：
:Space flight is a new experience for humans. Humans adapt if not perfectly, rather well to life without gravity. There is a reductive remodeling of the musculo-skeletal system. Protein is lost from muscles and calcium from bones with anti-gravity functions. The observed biochemical and physiological changes reflect this accommodative process. The two major direct effects of the muscle loss are weakness post-flight and the increased incidence of low back ache pre- and post-flight. The muscle protein losses are compromised by the inability to maintain energy balance inflight. Voluntary dietary intake is reduced during space flight by ~20 %. These adaptations to weightlessness leave astronauts ill-equipped for life with gravity. Exercise, the obvious counter-measure has been repeatedly tried and since the muscle and bone losses persist it is not unreasonable to assume that success has been limited at best. Nevertheless, more than 500 people have now flown in space for up to 1 year and have done remarkably well. This review addresses the question of whether enough is now known about these three problems (negative energy balance, muscle loss and bone loss) for to the risks to be considered either acceptable or correctible enough to meet the requirements for a Mars mission.
journal_name
Eur J Appl Physioljournal_title
European journal of applied physiologyauthors
Stein TPdoi
10.1007/s00421-012-2548-9subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-09-01 00:00:00pages
2171-81issue
9eissn
1439-6319issn
1439-6327journal_volume
113pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:To examine the effect of 6-week of high-intensity interval training (HIT) and of 6-week of detraining on the VO2/Work Rate (WR) relationship and on the slow component of VO2, nine young male adults performed on cycle ergometer, before, after training and after detraining, an incremental exercise (IE), and a 6-min cons...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-006-0386-3
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Eccentric training has been popularized for physical conditioning and prevention/rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders, especially due to the expressive responses in terms of muscular strength gain. In view of evidence that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is able to increase exercise performance and accele...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-014-3055-y
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study tested the hypothesis that, as compared to whole-body bioelectrical impedance (BI) analysis, segmental BI analysis can estimate lean body mass (LBM) more accurately in a population with a large difference in muscularity. In addition to whole-body BI, which determines impedance (Z) between the wrist and ankl...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-004-1259-2
更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)-type fatigue is associated with acute and delayed functional defects, and appears to be a useful model to reveal the flexibility of both central and reflex adjustments to the contractile failure. SSC fatigue was induced in an experimental (EXP) group (n=6) on a sledge ergometer with an e...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-004-1221-3
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Vascular dysfunction has been demonstrated in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Exercise is known to positively affect vascular function. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate exercise-induced effects on vascular function in AD. METHODS:Thirty-nine patients with AD (79 ± 8 years) were recruited a...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-020-04447-w
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We hypothesized that impaired cardiovascular responses to isometric muscle action contribute to the cardiovascular deconditioning that occurs after space flight (SF) and head-down-tilt bed rest (HDT). Six subjects were studied before, during and after 120 days of -6 degrees HDT, and four subjects were studied before, ...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s004210100429
更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-015-3170-4
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of prior exercise at a remote site on the VO(2) kinetics during subsequent heavy cycle exercise using a model that allowed us to discriminate between the VO(2) fast and slow component responses. Ten male subjects completed a constant-load exercise of 6 min cycling...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-002-0735-9
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to determine whether cross-education, defined as the increase in strength of an untrained limb after training of the contralateral homologous limb, is specific to low and high velocity eccentric training. Twenty-six subjects were randomized into two groups ( n=13 each) that performed unil...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-003-0841-3
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:A critical limitation with transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation is the rapid onset of muscle fatigue. We have previously demonstrated that spatially distributed sequential stimulation (SDSS) shows a drastically greater fatigue-reducing ability compared to a single active electrode stimulation (SE...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-013-2807-4
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study compared between alternating and pulsed current electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) for muscle oxygenation and blood volume during isometric contractions. Nine healthy men (23-48 years) received alternating current EMS (2500 Hz) modulated at 75 Hz on the knee extensors of one leg, and pulsed current EMS (75...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-010-1699-9
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:We tested the hypothesis that monoexponential regressions will increase the certainty in response estimates and confidence in classification of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) responses compared to a recently proposed linear regression approach. METHODS:We used data from a previously published RCT that involve...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-019-04078-w
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has been shown to be associated with orthostatic intolerance and cardiovascular dysregulation. We investigated the cardiovascular responses to combined orthostatic stress and isometric exercise in adolescents with CFS. We included a consecutive sample of 15 adolescents 12-18 years ol...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-007-0634-1
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of high-intensity intermittent exercise on the presence of circulating growth hormone (GH) aggregates measured using two different assay techniques. Six male subjects with endurance training background participated in this study under both exercise and no-exercise ...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-002-0774-2
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The objective was to determine the separate and combined effects of hypoxia and inactivity/unloading on sleep architecture during a 10-day period of confinement. METHODS:Ten subjects participated in three 10-day trials in random order: hypoxic ambulatory (HAMB), hypoxic bedrest (HBR), and normoxic bedrest (NBR...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-014-2909-7
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-005-0040-5
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated the hypothesis that the duration of aerobic-based cycle exercise would affect the adaptations in substrate and metabolic regulation that occur in vastus lateralis in response to a short-term (10 day) training program. Healthy active but untrained males (n = 7) with a peak aerobic power ([Formul...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-012-2434-5
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is a disparity in the information about the heritability of the response of muscle anaerobic metabolism to exercise and the use of explosive power, as well as a lack of information concerning the genetic determinants of this form of work, as measured using different specific physical tests. We applied a battery ...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s004210100522
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene encodes a Z-disc structural protein which is found only in fast glycolytic muscle fibers. A common nonsense polymorphism in codon 577 of the ACTN3 gene (R577X) results in alpha-actinin-3 deficiency in XX homozygotes. Previous reports have shown a lower proportion of the ACTN3 XX genoty...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1007/s00421-008-0763-1
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-020-04570-8
更新日期：2020-12-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Session RPE (SRPE) permits subjective ratings of global effort following exercise. SRPE is useful for evaluating training load; however, mediating factors are not well understood. This study compared SRPE among treadmill trials at a clamped workload with a varied duration. Ten subjects (VO(2)max: 48.9 +/- 10.5 ml kg(-...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-009-1153-z
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Contract-relax (CR) stretching increases range of motion (ROM) substantively, however its use in athletic environments is limited as the contractions performed in a highly stretched position require partner assistance, are often painful, and may induce muscle damage. Therefore, the acute effects of performing t...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-015-3320-8
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To examine the effects of caffeine ingestion on physiological and perceptual responses in mentally fatigued individuals. METHODS:Eight male physically active subjects completed four cycling constant-workload tests in four experimental conditions at 80 % of maximal power output: control (C), mental fatigue (MF)...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00421-016-3483-y
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The neuregulin/erbB-signaling axis contributes to the development and growth of multiple mammalian tissues including skeletal muscle. In this study, we sought to characterize the native expression of this system in human skeletal muscle and test the hypothesis that a program of progressive resistance training (PRT) wo...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-005-1333-4
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is not known how the mode of exercise, dynamic and static exercises, affects the limb volume. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate hand and wrist volume (HWV) after dynamic and static handgrip exercise. Nine healthy subjects (age 31.8 +/- 7.3 years; height 172.0 +/- 5.7 cm; body mass 66.9 +/- 8.1...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-008-0672-3
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this study was to determine the impact of treadmill locomotor training on the expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) and changes in myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) in rat soleus muscle following spinal cord injury (SCI). Moderate, midthoracic (T(8)) contusion SCIs were produced using a N...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-010-1392-z
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:This study aimed at determining through MRI investigations, force and soreness assessments whether the modulation of muscle length is a relevant strategy for minimising neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)-induced muscle damage in young healthy participants. METHODS:Comparison of 2 NMES sessions (40 iso...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-019-04277-5
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of upper and lower body high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) on immunometabolism profile. METHODS:Seven male judo athletes completed two experimental sessions separated by at least 48 h. The athletes completed four bouts of the upper and lower body Win...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-015-3127-7
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:O(2) uptake (VO2) kinetics were examined during the follicular (F) and luteal (L) phases of the menstrual cycle to determine if there was an effect of altered sex hormones on the (VO2) response to moderate-intensity exercise. Seven healthy women (age 21 +/- 2 years; mean +/- SD) performed six transitions from 20 W to ...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-007-0505-9
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiopulmonary exercise test is the gold standard for the identification of the ventilatory compensation point (VCP), an important threshold for exercise training prescription. We hypothesized that changes in the slope of increment in minute ventilation (V'(E)) over heart rate (HR) during incremental exercise can be ...
journal_title：European journal of applied physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00421-008-0777-8
更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00
