Abstract:
:This study examined the inactivation of human norovirus (HuNoV) GI.1 and GII.4 by chlorine under conditions mimicking sewage treatment. Using a porcine gastric mucin-magnetic bead (PGM-MB) assay, no statistically significant loss in HuNoV binding (inactivation) was observed for secondary effluent treatments of ≤25 ppm total chlorine; for both strains, 50 and 100 ppm treatments resulted in ≤0.8-log10 unit and ≥3.9-log10 unit reductions, respectively. Treatments of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm chlorine inactivated 0.31, 1.35, >5, and >5 log10 units, respectively, of the norovirus indicator MS2 bacteriophage. Evaluation of treatment time indicated that the vast majority of MS2 and HuNoV inactivation occurred in the first 5 min for 0.2-μm-filtered, prechlorinated secondary effluent. Free chlorine measurements of secondary effluent seeded with MS2 and HuNoV demonstrated substantial oxidative burdens. With 25, 50, and 100 ppm treatments, free chlorine levels after 5 min of exposure ranged from 0.21 to 0.58 ppm, from 0.28 to 16.7 ppm, and from 11.6 to 53 ppm, respectively. At chlorine treatment levels of >50 ppm, statistically significant differences were observed between reductions for PGM-MB-bound HuNoV (potentially infectious) particles and those for unbound (noninfectious) HuNoV particles or total norovirus particles. While results suggested that MS2 and HuNoV (measured as PGM-MB binding) behave similarly, although not identically, both have limited susceptibility to chlorine treatments of ≤25 ppm total chlorine. Since sewage treatment is performed at ≤25 ppm total chlorine, targeting free chlorine levels of 0.5 to 1.0 ppm, these results suggest that traditional chlorine-based sewage treatment does not inactivate HuNoV efficiently.IMPORTANCE HuNoV is ubiquitous in sewage. A receptor binding assay was used to assess inactivation of HuNoV by chlorine-based sewage treatment, given that the virus cannot be routinely propagated in vitro Results reported here indicate that chlorine treatment of sewage is not effective for inactivating HuNoV unless chlorine levels are above those routinely used for sewage treatment.
journal_name
Appl Environ Microbioljournal_title
Applied and environmental microbiologyauthors
Kingsley DH,Fay JP,Calci K,Pouillot R,Woods J,Chen H,Niemira BA,Van Doren JMdoi
10.1128/AEM.01270-17subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-11-16 00:00:00issue
23eissn
0099-2240issn
1098-5336pii
AEM.01270-17journal_volume
83pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The recent increased detection of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) of the genus Asaia as symbionts of mosquitoes, such as Anopheles spp. and Aedes spp., prompted us to investigate the diversity of these symbionts and their relationships in different mosquito species and populations. Following cultivation-dependent and -inde...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01747-10
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Salmonella enterica contamination in foods is a significant concern for public health. When DNA detection methods are used for analysis of foods, one of the major concerns is false-positive results from the detection of dead cells. To circumvent this crucial issue, a TaqMan quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assa...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02686-08
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::[This corrects the article on p. 514 in vol. 55.]. ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two anaerobic bacteria were isolated from polyethylene glycol (PEG)-degrading, methanogenic, enrichment cultures obtained from a municipal sludge digester. One isolate, identified as Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (strain DG2), metabolized oligomers ranging from ethylene glycol (EG) to tetraethylene glycol. The other iso...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.52.4.852-856.1986
更新日期:1986-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Listeria monocytogenes is a food pathogen that can attach on most of the surfaces encountered in the food industry. Biofilms are three-dimensional microbial structures that facilitate the persistence of pathogens on surfaces, their resistance toward antimicrobials, and the final contamination of processed goods. So fa...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00255-08
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We screened an Aspergillus tubingensis expression library constructed in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis for xylogalacturonan-hydrolyzing activity in microwell plates by using a bicinchoninic acid assay. This assay detects reducing carbohydrate groups when they are released from a carbohydrate by enzymatic activity. Tw...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.66.1.36-41.2000
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The sediment-water interface in Halifax Harbor supports a microbial population of 6.95 x 10 cells per g (dry weight). As determined by the standard technique of suspending subsamples in filtered seawater, the uptake of added glutamic acid by this population is 113.5 ng g (dry weight) h. An alternate technique was deve...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.45.6.1761-1766.1983
更新日期:1983-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Escherichia coli O157:H7 has caused serious outbreaks of food-borne illness via transmission in a variety of food vehicles, including unpasteurized apple juice, dried salami, and spinach. To understand how this pathogen responds to the multiple stresses of the food environment, we compared global transcription pattern...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02841-08
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metabolic engineering and multisubunit protein production necessitate the expression of multiple genes at coordinated levels. In bacteria, genes for multisubunit proteins or metabolic pathways are often expressed in operons under the control of a single promoter; expression of the genes is coordinated by varying trans...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.66.12.5399-5405.2000
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Decisions as to the disposition of swine carcasses with lesions attributable to a mycobacterial infection are based upon a lesion criterion which is used as a diagnostic test by federal meat inspectors. Using this criterion, a federal meat inspector classified 58 of 100 pigs as "passed for cooking" and the other 42 pi...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.37.4.740-743.1979
更新日期:1979-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The expression pattern of manganese peroxidases (MnPs) in nitrogen-limited cultures of the saline-tolerant fungus Phlebia sp. strain MG-60 is differentially regulated under hypersaline conditions at the mRNA level. When MG-60 was cultured in nitrogen-limited medium (LNM) containing 3% (wt/vol) sea salts (LN-SSM), high...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02257-07
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Petuely's selective medium for Bifidobacterium was improved by addition of riboflavin, nucleic acid bases, pyruvic acid, and nalidixic acid. The modified medium, when examined under strictly anaerobic conditions for efficient isolation of Bifidobacterium from human fecal samples, exhibited selective and high viable co...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.40.5.866-869.1980
更新日期:1980-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A membrane filter procedure has been developed for the rapid quantitation of C. perfringens in the aquatic environment. Background growth is inhibited by the use of D-cycloserine, polymyxin B sulfate, and incubation at 45 degrees C. Differential characteristics include the fermentation of sucrose, production of acid p...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.37.1.55-66.1979
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intracellular granules containing ferric and ferrous iron formed in Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 during dissimilatory reduction of solid-phase ferric iron. It is the first in situ detection at high resolution (150 nm) of a mixed-valence metal particle residing within a prokaryotic cell. The relationship of the interna...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01492-06
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ammonia-oxidizing prokaryote (AOP) community in three groundwater treatment plants and connected distribution systems was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and sequence analysis targeting the amoA gene of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA). Results demonstrated that AOB and AOA numbers increas...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00387-09
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enzymatic activities that could be involved in methanethiol generation in five cheese-ripening bacteria were assayed, and the major sulfur compounds produced were identified. L-Methionine and alpha-keto-gamma-methyl-thio-butyric acid demethiolating activities were detected in whole cells and cell extracts (CFEs) of al...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.66.12.5514-5517.2000
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The food-borne pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been reported as being present in New Zealand (NZ) seawaters, but there have been no reported outbreaks of food-borne infection from commercially grown NZ seafood. Our study determined the current incidence of V. parahaemolyticus in NZ oysters and Greenshell mussels ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.04020-14
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Zearalenone [6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-trans-1-undecenyl)beta-resorcyclic acid lactone] is a hormone produced by Fusarium spp. which regulates the sexual stage in F. roseum. 3H- and 14C-labeled zearalenone were found to bind preferentially to one of two peaks containing uncharacterized proteins obtained from the cytosol of ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.37.1.80-84.1979
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this work, the enzymatic activities of selected strains of biotypes 1 and 2 of Vabrio vulnificus were analyzed by using conventional methods and the API ZYM system. The toxic activities of extracellular products (ECPs) were further evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The ECPs of both biotypes (i) showed ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.62.7.2331-2337.1996
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously reported that the prominent industrial enzyme producer Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina; Hypocreales, Ascomycota, Dikarya) has a genetically isolated, sympatric sister species devoid of sexual reproduction and which is constituted by the majority of anamorphic strains previously attr...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01184-10
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Denitrifying microbial communities and denitrification in salt marsh sediments may be affected by many factors, including environmental conditions, nutrient availability, and levels of pollutants. The objective of this study was to examine how microbial community composition and denitrification enzyme activities (DEA)...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01221-08
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde has been isolated and purified from powdered cinnamon. The compound inhibits the growth and toxin production of mycotoxin-producing fungi. The substance completely inhibited the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus at 100 microgram/ml and A. ochraceus and A. versicolor at 200 microgr...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.36.4.577-583.1978
更新日期:1978-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::To understand phage infection and host cell lysis mechanisms in pathogenic Salmonella, a novel Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-targeting bacteriophage, SPN9CC, belonging to the Podoviridae family was isolated and characterized. The phage infects S. Typhimurium via the O antigen of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02279-13
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pseudomonas sp. strain KIE171 was able to grow with isopropylamine or L-alaninol [S-(+)-2-amino-1-propanol] as the sole carbon source, but not with D-alaninol. To investigate the hypothesis that L-alaninol is an intermediate in the degradation of isopropylamine, two mini-Tn5 mutants unable to utilize both isopropylami...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.68.5.2368-2375.2002
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A European baseline survey during the years 2005 and 2006 has revealed that the monophasic Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,12:d:- was, with a prevalence of 23.6%, the most frequently isolated serovar in German broiler flocks. In Denmark and the United Kingdom, its serovar prevalences were 15.15% and 2.8%...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02187-08
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Knowledge of host specificity, combined with genomic sequencing of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp., has demonstrated a microbial source tracking (MST) utility for these common waterborne microbes. To explore the source attribution potential of these pathogens, water samples were collected in a mixed rural-urban water...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02037-13
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The antifungal activity of cecropin A(2-8)-melittin(6-9) hybrid undecapeptides, previously reported as active against plant pathogenic bacteria, was studied. A set of 15 sequences was screened in vitro against Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Most compounds were hig...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00711-09
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The expression of xenobiotic-degradative genes in indigenous bacteria or in bacteria introduced into an ecosystem is essential for the successful bioremediation of contaminated environments. The maintenance of naphthalene utilization activity is studied in Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 17484) and an Alcaligenes sp. (strain...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.61.11.4061-4068.1995
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::On the basis of bioinformatic evidence, we suspected that proteins with a CYTH (CyaB thiamine triphosphatase) domain and/or a CHAD (conserved histidine α-helical domain) motif might represent polyphosphate (polyP) granule-associated proteins. We found no evidence of polyP targeting by proteins with CYTH domains. In co...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.03399-16
更新日期:2017-03-17 00:00:00
abstract::The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) pattern was analyzed in a forest humus and in an arable soil experimentally polluted with Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, or Zn at different concentrations. In both soil types, there were gradual changes in the PLFA patterns for the different levels of metal contamination. The changes in the forest ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.59.11.3605-3617.1993
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00