Abstract:
:Agricultural foods and technologies are thought to have eased the mechanical demands of diet-how often or how hard one had to chew-in human populations worldwide. Some evidence suggests correspondingly worldwide changes in skull shape and form across the agricultural transition, although these changes have proved difficult to characterize at a global scale. Here, adapting a quantitative genetics mixed model for complex phenotypes, we quantify the influence of diet on global human skull shape and form. We detect modest directional differences between foragers and farmers. The effects are consistent with softer diets in preindustrial farming groups and are most pronounced and reliably directional when the farming class is limited to dairying populations. Diet effect magnitudes are relatively small, affirming the primary role of neutral evolutionary processes-genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow structured by population history and migrations-in shaping diversity in the human skull. The results also bring an additional perspective to the paradox of why Homo sapiens, particularly agriculturalists, appear to be relatively well suited to efficient (high-leverage) chewing.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Katz DC,Grote MN,Weaver TDdoi
10.1073/pnas.1702586114subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-08-22 00:00:00pages
9050-9055issue
34eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
1702586114journal_volume
114pub_type
杂志文章abstract::If, because of trade-offs or similar considerations, components of fitness are negatively correlated in equilibrium populations, they may then exhibit no correlation with total fitness. Lack of correlation with fitness is a fundamental characteristic of selective neutrality. Hence, selectively important traits become ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.5.2018
更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a study of autonomic reflexes it was found that some produce a generalized, bilaterally uniform response whereas others have an asymmetric or laterality of action. Recordings from vertebral nerve fibers (mainly vasoconstrictors to forelimb muscles), right and left cardiac sympathetics, and renal nerves show that ba...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.10.5239
更新日期:1978-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two regions of human thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) receptor (TSHR) (residues 12-44 and 308-364) were selected on the basis that they exhibit no sequence resemblance to luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor. Five synthetic overlapping peptides (12-30, 24-44, 308-328, 324-344, and 339-364)...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.9.3613
更新日期:1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Preclinical studies indicate that (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) is a putative fast-acting antidepressant candidate. Although inhibition of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) is one mechanism proposed to underlie ketamine's antidepressant and adverse effects, the potency of (2R,6R)-HNK to inhibit NMDARs has not ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1816071116
更新日期:2019-03-12 00:00:00
abstract::We describe an algorithm to compute trisections of orientable four-manifolds using arbitrary triangulations as input. This results in explicit complexity bounds for the trisection genus of a 4-manifold in terms of the number of pentachora (4-simplices) in a triangulation. ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1717173115
更新日期:2018-10-23 00:00:00
abstract::The ever-increasing industrial demand for nylon-6 (polycaprolactam) necessitates the development of environmentally benign methods of producing its precursor, epsilon-caprolactam, from cyclohexanone. It is currently manufactured in two popular double-step processes, each of which uses highly aggressive reagents, and e...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0506907102
更新日期:2005-09-27 00:00:00
abstract::To use recombinant DNA technology to functionally analyze mutations introduced into cloned eukaryotic genes, a rapid procedure is necessary to assay the steps along the gene expression pathway. Since cloned rat insulin genes are not transcribed efficiently after transfection into various cell lines, I have asked wheth...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.19.5798
更新日期:1982-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A rapid method for quantitating products of the oligodeoxynucleotide processing reaction in vitro has been developed to facilitate enzymatic studies of the retroviral integrases. Unlike earlier procedures, this assay does not depend on polyacrylamide gel electrphoresis but separates products by batch adsorption to PEI...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.24.11633
更新日期:1993-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::The results of electron-nuclear double resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies on the hydrogen peroxide compound of yeast cytochrome c peroxidase are inconsistent with previous proposals for the source of the EPR signal in this compound, in particular with its identification with an aromatic amino ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.12.6132
更新日期:1979-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Guanylate cyclase [GTP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.2] activity of human platelet homogenates was stimulated by the addition of phospholipase A2 or unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, vaccenic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic, eicosadienoic, and arachidonic acids. The addition of lipoxidase potentiated...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.9.3657
更新日期:1977-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cloned 3.18 kilobase fragments of Xenopus laevis DNA containing genes for tRNAMet1 and for at least one other 4S RNA species are transcribed rapidly after their injection into the nucleus of X. laevis oocytes. The newly synthesized RNA can be resolved by gel electrophoresis into a few predominant 4S RNA species and a ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.3.1176
更新日期:1978-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper, we introduce a method to account for the shape of the potential energy curve in the evaluation of conformational free energies. The method is based on a procedure that generates a set of conformations, each with its own force-field energy, but adds a term to this energy that favors conformations that ar...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.102179699
更新日期:2002-05-28 00:00:00
abstract::mRNA localization is a complex pathway. Besides mRNA sorting per se, this process includes aspects of regulated translation. It requires protein factors that interact with defined sequences (or sequence motifs) of the transcript, and the protein/RNA complexes are finally guided along the cytoskeleton to their ultimate...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.111146598
更新日期:2001-06-19 00:00:00
abstract::We have isolated several lines of rat embryo cells transformed by simian virus 40. All these lines are fully transformed with regard to saturation density and serum sensitivity, but they differ greatly in their anchorage dependence, as assayed by efficiency of plating in methyl cellulose suspension. This set of lines ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.71.12.4792
更新日期:1974-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have examined the effect of diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, and cycloheximide on the CV-1 cell cytoskeleton. Within a few hours after producing an inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, all these agents specifically disrupted the organization of the vimentin filament system with no discernab...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.12.7267
更新日期:1980-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study demonstrates that significantly shortened telomeres are a hallmark of cardiomyocytes (CMs) from individuals with end-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as a result of heritable defects in cardiac proteins critical to contractile function. Positioned at the ends of chromo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1714538115
更新日期:2018-09-11 00:00:00
abstract::The oligopeptide permease of Escherichia coli has been characterized by Payne, Gilvarg, and their colleagues. We have confirmed its existence in Salmonella typhimurium, and have isolated a series of mutants lacking the permease. We use this transport system for smuggling a histidine biosynthetic intermediate, histidin...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.70.2.456
更新日期:1973-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Combinations of low dosages of purified murine hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)--L-cell CSF type 1 (CSF-1), recombinant interleukin 3 (IL-3), and recombinant granulocyte/macrophage CSF (GM-CSF)--were compared with single CSFs for their influence on the cycling rates and numbers of bone marrow granulocyt...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.11.3871
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Translational stop codon readthrough occurs in organisms ranging from viruses to mammals and is especially prevalent in decoding Drosophila and viral mRNAs. Recoding of UGA, UAG, or UAA to specify an amino acid allows a proportion of the protein encoded by a single gene to be C-terminally extended. The extended produc...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2012793118
更新日期:2021-02-02 00:00:00
abstract::RelB is an NF-κB family transcription factor activated in the noncanonical pathway downstream of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) and TNF receptor family members including lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) and CD40. Early analysis suggested that RelB is required for classical dendritic cell (cDC) development based on a severe ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1619863114
更新日期:2017-04-11 00:00:00
abstract::The numbers and proportion of neurons in areas and regions of cortex were determined for a single cortical hemisphere from two prosimian galagos, one New World owl monkey, one Old World macaque monkey, and one baboon. The results suggest that there is a common plan of cortical organization across the species examined ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1010356107
更新日期:2010-09-07 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic, low grade, sterile inflammation frequently accompanies aging and age-related diseases. Cellular senescence is associated with the production of proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling proteases, which comprise the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We fo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1515386112
更新日期:2015-11-17 00:00:00
abstract::Reduced functional bladder capacity and concomitant increased micturition frequency (pollakisuria) are common lower urinary tract symptoms associated with conditions such as cystitis, prostatic hyperplasia, neurological disease, and overactive bladder syndrome. These symptoms can profoundly affect the quality of life ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1005333107
更新日期:2010-11-02 00:00:00
abstract::Some monocytes normally take up residence in tissues as sessile macrophages, but others differentiate into migratory cells resembling dendritic cells that emigrate to lymph nodes. In an in vitro model of a vessel wall, lipid mediators lysophosphatidic acid and platelet-activating factor, whose signals are implicated i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0403259101
更新日期:2004-08-10 00:00:00
abstract::The conservation of developmental functions exerted by Antp-class homeoproteins in protostomes and deuterostomes suggested that homologs with related functions are present in diploblastic animals. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that Antp-class homeodomains belong either to non-Hox or to Hox/paraHox families. Among t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4493
更新日期:2000-04-25 00:00:00
abstract::Stochasticity alters the nonlinear dynamics of inherently cycling populations. The power spectrum can describe and explain the impacts of stochasticity. We fitted models to short observed time series of flour beetle populations in the frequency domain, then used a well fitting stochastic mechanistic model to generate ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0608571103
更新日期:2006-12-05 00:00:00
abstract::Smooth muscle cells use fibronectin to bind to type I and type III collagens but bind to type V collagen by a trypsin-resistant intrinsic glycoconjugate. The binding site on type V collagen is located in the alpha A chain. By using collagen-coated filters in a modified Boyden chamber assay for chemotaxis, it was obser...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.6.3669
更新日期:1981-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In response to hypoxia the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) mediates transcriptional activation of a network of genes encoding erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and several glycolytic enzymes. HIF-1 consists of a heterodimer of two basic helix-loop-helix PAS (Per/Arnt/Sim) proteins, HIF-1alpha and ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.11.5667
更新日期:1997-05-27 00:00:00
abstract::Gelation of colloidal nanocrystals emerged as a strategy to preserve inherent nanoscale properties in multiscale architectures. However, available gelation methods to directly form self-supported nanocrystal networks struggle to reliably control nanoscale optical phenomena such as photoluminescence and localized surfa...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1806927115
更新日期:2018-09-04 00:00:00
abstract::Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a critical tumor-suppressing mechanism that restrains cancer progression at premalignant stages, in part by causing telomere dysfunction. Currently it is unknown whether this proliferative arrest presents a stable and therefore irreversible barrier to cancer progression. Here we de...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1602379113
更新日期:2016-08-23 00:00:00