Abstract:
:A classical approach to the control of food consumption has been to assume separate mechanisms for the arousal to eat, on the one hand, and the satiation of feeding responses, on the other. The present paper is concerned with a single, and a comparatively simple, neuronal mechanism which is endowed with properties to allow the complete determination of the level of feeding, from hyperphagia to anorexia. The model for the control of feeding, which is presented here, draws attention to the benzodiazepine receptor found distributed through the brain, and present in certain hypothalamic nuclei. Recent evidence which characterizes the receptor is reviewed, and the various categories of benzodiazepine receptor ligands are described. Pharmacological data, collected in a palatable food consumption model using non-food-deprived rats, demonstrate that benzodiazepine receptor agonists produce hyperphagia, benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists produce anorexia, and benzodiazepine receptor antagonists block both effects. Hence, bidirectional control of food intake can be achieved through differential ligand action at a common set of receptors. Speculatively, these data can be extended, if it is assumed that two endogenous ligands exist in the brain which act like benzodiazepine agonist and inverse agonist, respectively. Evidence for the presence in hypothalamic nuclei of endogenous ligands of the latter kind is discussed. Benzodiazepine withdrawal-induced anorexia is also described, and is taken as evidence for the part played by feeding mechanisms in the development of benzodiazepine physical dependence.
journal_name
Brain Res Bulljournal_title
Brain research bulletinauthors
Cooper SJdoi
10.1016/0361-9230(85)90008-5subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1985-10-01 00:00:00pages
397-410issue
4eissn
0361-9230issn
1873-2747pii
0361-9230(85)90008-5journal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The distribution of substance P-containing fibers in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal formation of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata) was studied by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody raised against substance P. The results were compared with the distribution in homologous regions of the...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90057-9
更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Melanin was measured by a spectrophotofluorometric method in the brains of albino rats from birth to 20 months of age. The concentration of brain melanin increased from Day 1 until adult levels were reached at 1 month. Between 1 and 20 months of age no significant differences were found in brain melanin. Daily injecti...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(79)90014-5
更新日期:1979-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of pretreatment of geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), an inducer of heat shock protein (HSP) 70, on responses in sleep and core body temperature (Tcore) against sleep deprivation (SD) was examined in rats. After 3 days of GGA or vehicle injection, a 6-h period of SD was performed. During the recovery period, both...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.02.004
更新日期:2006-04-28 00:00:00
abstract::Diabetic mechanical allodynia (DMA) is a common manifestation in patients with diabetes mellitus, and currently, no effective treatment is available. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is involved in mechanical hypersensitivity resulting from varying aetiologies in animal, but its expression pattern duri...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.05.010
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The labelling of hypothalamic binding sites by [125I]-FK, a specific mu-opioid receptor ligand, was studied in female C57BL/6J mice to test whether removal of ovarian steroids affected the density of distribution of receptor binding. Labelling densities in the forebrain of normally cycling (intact) females (N = 12), w...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(93)90093-q
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intelligence depends on the ability of the brain to acquire and apply rules and representations. At the neuronal level these properties have been shown to critically depend on the prefrontal cortex. Here we present, in the context of the Distributed Adaptive Control architecture (DAC), a biologically based model for f...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.11.008
更新日期:2011-06-30 00:00:00
abstract::A method is described for the isolation and culture of neurons in the adult mammalian brain. The cell could be maintained in primary culture for more than several weeks. Whereas the neurons freshly dissociated from the adult brain did not respond to any of the neurotransmitter substances applied, the neurons regained ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(91)90058-r
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study was conducted to evaluate plasma levels of monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites in spontaneous recurrences of methamphetamine psychosis (i.e., flashbacks). The subjects were 50 physically healthy females comprised of 25 who experienced flashbacks (flashbackers), 18 who did not experienced methamphe...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(96)00340-1
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Permanent cannulae for intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion were implanted bilaterally in cats following stereotaxic procedures. After colonic temperature was recorded for a one-hour baseline, a 300 microliter ICV infusion was given of CSF control vehicle, 1:100 dilution of W3110 E. coli endotoxin (10(8) organisms/m...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(86)90017-1
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Individual cardiac nerves from which stimulation elicited cardioinhibition (bradycardia and negative inotropism) were identified in 24 of 38 dogs. Subsequently, 3-25 microliters of 30% horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were injected into an identified cardiac nerve. After a 3-day survival period, the medulla oblongata was ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90073-9
更新日期:1982-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic exposure to drugs and alcohol leads to damage to dopaminergic neurons and their projections in the 'reward pathway' that originate in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and terminate in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). This damage is thought to contribute to the signature symptom of addiction: chronic relapse. In th...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.11.008
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is now generally accepted that adenosine has a neuroprotective role in the central nervous system. Agonists of adenosine such as 2-chloroadenosine (2-ClA) have been shown to be neuroprotective, while antagonists such as 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT) increase neurotoxicity. However, paradoxical results have been repor...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00238-5
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to single-dose nicotine (NIC) are sexually diergic: Female rats have higher adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) responses than do males. In the present study we determined HPA responses in male and female rats following single doses of NIC, a sing...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.03.001
更新日期:2011-05-30 00:00:00
abstract::Comparison of detailed physiological and morphological data shows that the hypothalamic aggression region in the rat largely coincides with the intermediate hypothalamic area. This region has a neuronal density of about 35.10(3) neurons per mm3, a synaptic density of about 300.10(6) per mm3, and a synapse to neuron ra...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(93)90030-f
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of a low protein diet during gestation, lactation, and after weaning on the anatomical development of a subcortical nucleate formation, the neostriatum, and a reticulate formation, the diagonal band of Broca, were studied. At 10, 30, and 90 days the volume of the neostriatum was decreased in the experiment...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(78)90073-4
更新日期:1978-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We quantitatively analyzed the developing prospective neural and non-neural ectoderm during chicken gastrulation on semithin transverse sections. At stage PS8 (primitive streak stage 8 of Lopez-Sanchez et al. [C. Lopez-Sanchez, L. Puelles, V. Garcia-Martinez, L. Rodriguez-Gallardo, Morphological and molecular analysis...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.061
更新日期:2008-03-18 00:00:00
abstract::Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and Alternative splicing (AS) were found to be implicated in certain diseases, nevertheless, the contributions of mRNA SNPs and AS to pathogenesis in developing rat brains with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remained largely vague. Additionally, the disease associated with T...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.11.001
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gonadal hormones exert a critical influence over the architecture of specific brain areas affecting the formation of neuronal contacts. Cellular mechanisms mediating gonadal hormone actions on synapses have been studied extensively in the rat arcuate nucleus, a hypothalamic center involved in the feed-back regulation ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00238-4
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study tests the influence of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) on the initiation of horizontal and vertical saccades, alone or combined with a predictable divergence. A gap paradigm was used; TMS was applied 100 ms after target onset. TMS of the left PPC increased the ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.11.007
更新日期:2008-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::The neuropathology of Alzheimer disease is characterized by senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and cell death. These hallmarks develop according to the differential vulnerability of brain networks, senile plaques accumulating preferentially in the associative cortical areas and neurofibrillary tangles in the ento...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.06.006
更新日期:2009-10-28 00:00:00
abstract::Reserpine depletes dopamine (DA) levels and increases tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in the rat corpus striatum. TH is activated not only by enhancement of DA neuronal impulse flow, but also by cessation of impulse flow. To assist in the understanding of the relative contribution of impulse flow to the regulation ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(81)80037-8
更新日期:1981-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pax6 is an important transcription factor expressed in several discrete domains of the developing central nervous system. It has been reported that Pax6 is involved in the specification of subtypes of hindbrain motor neurons. Pax6 homozygous mutant (rSey2/rSey2) rats die soon after birth, probably due to impaired resp...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.007
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is considered a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the generation of presynaptic inhibition at central terminals of primary afferent fiber (PAF), while it has also been established that nitric oxide (NO) may sensitize the terminals of nocisponsive PAFs and enhance neuropeptide release,...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00500-7
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::An evaluation of N,N-dipropargyl-2-phenylethylamine (DPGPEA) as a prodrug to increase brain levels of 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) was conducted in rats. A 0.1 mmol/kg (IP) dose of DPGPEA was administered and produced marked elevations of PEA levels in brain, liver and blood which were sustained for several hours. Ex vivo...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(87)90164-x
更新日期:1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine in low dose inhibits the release of noradrenaline and aggravates absence seizures. The present study examines properties of two types of spike-wave discharges (SWD) in a genetic model of absence epilepsy, the WAG/Rij rats. After reduction of noradrenergic neurotransmission ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.11.004
更新日期:2005-01-30 00:00:00
abstract::Little is known about the behavioral, nutritional, and metabolic events that control dietary intake quality. Two experiments are described that manipulate nutritional conditions that have been hypothesized to affect dietary item choice so as to assess what effect, if any, the added factor of genetic obesity has in mod...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(85)90112-1
更新日期:1985-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) rat model of depression has been widely used in studies on the behavioral and neurochemical aspects of human depression. The objective of the present investigation was to assess open field (OF) activity and the brain regional 5-HT(1A) receptor densities of the sham operated (SHX) and ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.09.005
更新日期:2008-03-28 00:00:00
abstract::Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones including triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Semiquantitative analyses using northern blot and in situ hybridization suggested that TSH gene transcription is upregulated under conditions of hypothyroidism. However, no qua...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.06.004
更新日期:2007-09-14 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this study was to determine the organization of coactivation in the arm and shoulder muscles. Normal human subjects made alternate movements of a joint in the horizontal plane, either adduction-abduction of the second finger and shoulder, ulnar-radial deviation of the wrist, or extension-flexion of th...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(02)00952-8
更新日期:2003-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::Development and resolution of the lesion produced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) was studied through quantitative planimetry and histologic/immunohistochemical techniques. MCAO, performed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), initially (1-3 days) produced large, consistent cerebral cortical infa...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(93)90124-t
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00