Abstract：
BACKGROUND:Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) aerosolize liquids often containing flavorants for inhalation. Few studies have examined the role of flavors in ECIG use. This study's purpose was to examine reasons for flavored ECIG use using a mixed-method approach, concept mapping (CM). METHODS:Forty-six past 30-day adult ECIG users recruited from vape forums/conferences completed three online CM tasks. Participants brainstormed responses to a prompt: "A specific reason I use flavored e-liquid in my electronic cigarette product is…". The final 107 brainstormed statements were sorted by participants into groups of similar content. Participants rated each statement on a 7-point scale (1-Definitely NOT a reason to 7-Definitely a reason) based on a prompt: "This is a specific reason why I used flavored e-liquid in my electronic cigarette product in the past month." A cluster map was generated from participants' sorting and ratings using CM statistical software. Cluster mean ratings were compared. RESULTS:Analysis revealed five clusters of reasons for flavored ECIG use including Increased Satisfaction/Enjoyment, Better Feel/Taste than Cigarettes, Variety/Customization, Food Craving Suppression, and Social Impacts. Statements in the Increased Satisfaction/Enjoyment and Better Feel/Taste than Cigarettes clusters were rated significantly higher than statements from other clusters (ps<0.05). Some statements indicated flavors were perceived as masking agents for nicotine or other bad tastes associated with cigarette smoking making ECIG use more palatable. CONCLUSIONS:Flavored ECIGs are used for many reasons. Some statements suggested flavors may increase the rewarding and possible addictive effects of ECIGs. These results support continued examination of the role of flavors and ECIG use behaviors.
journal_name
Drug Alcohol Dependjournal_title
Drug and alcohol dependenceauthors
Soule EK,Lopez AA,Guy MC,Cobb COdoi
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.007subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-09-01 00:00:00pages
168-76eissn
0376-8716issn
1879-0046pii
S0376-8716(16)30204-6journal_volume
166pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:This study assesses differences in social norms towards smoking and vaping among youth across countries (England, Canada, US) and smoking and vaping status. METHODS:Data are from the 2017 ITC Youth Tobacco and Vaping Survey, among youth age 16-19 in England (N = 3444), Canada (N = 3327), and US (N = 3509). ...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107635
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The consumption of ethanol by mice resulted in an altered sensitivity of the brain dopamine systems to perturbations produced by agonists and antagonists. The results indicate that ethanol feeding and withdrawal produces a state in which the normal coupling between dopamine receptors and the effectors for these recept...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-8716(79)90007-3
更新日期：1979-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Impulsivity, which has been the subject of extensive debate in psychiatric research, is a clinically important concept, especially with respect to Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Substance Use Disorders (SUD). The current study aims to examine the presence of two aspects of impulsivity (self-report...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.015
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND/AIMS:Adolescents and young adults have the highest rates of opioid use, and despite shared risk-factors such as mental health and social pressures, there is little information on the relationship between education and opioid use disorder. In this study, we sought to assess differences in educational attainme...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107618
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：AIMS:1) To confirm the association between delay for assessment (DFA) and probability of first-time attendance in outpatient substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. 2) To evaluate whether this association varies by the type of primary substance for which the assessment was requested. 3) To assess the possibility of est...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.012
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Despite evidence that many people engage in solitary drinking and that it might be associated with negative consequences, to date, little research has focused on this form of drinking behaviour. This study examined the prevalence and factors associated with solitary drinking, and assessed whether it is linke...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.017
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A series of beta-carbolines were prepared and their affinities for imidazoline (I(1) and I(2)) sites evaluated. Selected compounds were also examined at alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. Some of the beta-carbolines were found to bind with high affinity to I(2)-sites and this affinity was dependent on both the planarity of the m...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0376-8716(01)00123-5
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of smokeless tobacco (ST) brand switching on biomarkers of ST exposure and on ST use. Subjects seeking treatment to reduce their use were randomized to ST brand switching with controlled ST topography, brand switching with ad libitum ST use, or a waitlist control wi...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.021
更新日期：2007-03-16 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is an efficacious form of medication assisted treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), yet many individuals on MMT relapse. Chronic pain and deficits in positive affective response to natural rewards may result in dysphoria that fuels opioid craving and promotes relapse. A...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.07.007
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Young injection drug users are at heightened risk for acquisition of blood-borne infections because of their high rates of unsafe injection behaviors, yet there has been little research examining the circumstances surrounding injection drug users' first injection experience ('hit'). We examined the relationship betwee...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.021
更新日期：2005-03-07 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Previous studies found enlarged striatum and white matter in those with stimulants use disorders. Whether primarily ketamine users (Primarily-K) and ketamine users who co-used stimulants and other substances (K+PolyS) have abnormal brain volumes is unknown. This study aims to evaluate possible brain structur...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108063
更新日期：2020-05-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Serum alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in some individuals contains a fraction that is not inhibited by pyrazole. This might be due to the presence in those sera of pi-ADH, a unique isoenzyme found recently in human liver, and which, according to one hypothesis, could be co-responsible for the development of alcoh...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-8716(80)90457-3
更新日期：1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:This paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of available evidence on remission rates for substance use disorders (SUDs), providing weighted mean estimates of SUD remission rates. The review also explores study-level characteristics that may explain variations in remission rates across studies. ...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.625
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:There is concern that medical marijuana laws (MMLs) could negatively affect adolescents. To better understand these policies, we assess how adolescent exposure to MMLs is related to educational attainment. METHODS:Data from the 2000 Census and 2001-2014 American Community Surveys were restricted to individu...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.002
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While current psychiatric taxonomies recognise a classification of amphetamine dependence, derived from the notion of an alcohol dependence syndrome, little research has validated that such a condition exists for this drug. Current amphetamine users (N = 331), were interviewed using the World Health Organization opera...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0376-8716(97)00111-7
更新日期：1997-11-25 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Men who have sex with men (MSM) who use crystal methamphetamine (CM) are at increased risk for HIV infection. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a useful HIV prevention strategy if individuals are able to identify high-risk exposures and seek timely care, however to date there has been limited data on the us...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.010
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of the present study is to analyze whether the addition of propylthiouracil reverts the influence of ethanol on the development of periportal and pericentral hepatocytes and their nuclei in male albino mice. Propylthiouracil-treated animals showed decreased cellular and nuclear areas when compared with the con...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-8716(88)90004-x
更新日期：1988-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Heroin is an illicit narcotic abused by millions of people worldwide. In our earlier studies we have shown that heroin intoxication changes the antioxidant status in human brain. In the present work we continued our studies by estimating the effect of heroin abuse on reduced glutathione (GSH) and enzymes related to th...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.06.020
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a sample survey of 712 Iranian male adolescents, aged 14-18, it was found that drugs users differed in only some of theirs beliefs about drug substances and their use from their non-drug-using contemporaries; and that both sub-samples had, in their agreement about the drug problem in post-revolutionary Iran, been e...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-8716(82)90001-1
更新日期：1982-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Male Wistar rats were tested for apomorphine-induced locomotion, climbing and aggression after 3 week's intragastric ethanol (EtOH) treatment, 5 g/kg as 20% solution daily. The ability of apomorphine (APO) to elicit rearing (1 mg/kg i.p.) and climbing (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) was significantly suppressed in EtOH withdrawn ani...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-8716(87)90066-4
更新日期：1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Preclinical and clinical evidence show that the GABA B agonist, baclofen is a promising treatment for addictive disorders; however, until recently its mechanism of action in the human brain was unknown. In previous work we utilized a laboratory model that included a medication versus placebo regimen to exami...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.016
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:This study presents an integrative data analysis of the association between frequency of cannabis use and severity of depressive symptoms using data from four Australasian cohort studies. The integrated data comprised observations on over 6900 individuals studied on up to seven occasions between adolescence ...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.06.002
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The 10-item version of the cocaine craving questionnaire (CCQ-Brief) has not been validated in a mixed-gender sample, and predictive validity of the CCQ-Now and CCQ-Brief in terms of their relationship with cocaine relapse has not been demonstrated. OBJECTIVE:To further validate the CCQ-Brief in a mixed gen...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.002
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Given that developing countries (and particularly women in these countries) are at increasing risk for tobacco use, the need for hard data to accurately monitor tobacco use in developing countries is needed. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the available prevalence data on current tobacco use amon...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.12.008
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Office-based buprenorphine holds the promise of bringing patients who have never received pharmacotherapy into treatment. In a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis, we compared patients entering a clinical trial of buprenorphine in a Primary Care Clinic (PCC) and those entering a local Opioid Treatment Program (O...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.12.008
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Ketamine abuse causes cognitive impairments, which negatively impact on users' abstinence, prognosis, and quality of life. RESULTS:of cognitive impairments in chronic ketamine users have been inconsistent across studies, possibly due to the small sample sizes and the confounding effects of concomitant use o...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.007
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Increased access to sterile syringes reduces the transmission of HIV, viral hepatitis and other infectious diseases, without increasing injection drug use. In Rhode Island, in 2000, syringes were legalized to reduce spread of disease but remained outlawed in Massachusetts until 2006. Drug users undergoing inpatient de...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.02.016
更新日期：2007-07-10 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To determine HIV prevalence and potential associations with sociodemographic and behavioral factors among injection drug users (IDUs) in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. METHODS:Subjects in this cross-sectional study provided sociodemographic and risk behavior data and were tested for HIV antibody with a saliva-based ...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0376-8716(06)80003-7
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Data from research with laboratory animals indicate that cocaine self-administration can be reduced by lambda-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists. Yet, the effectiveness of GABA agonists to decrease human cocaine self-administration has not been investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. The purpose of this st...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.015
更新日期：2004-03-08 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:While medical marijuana use is legal in more than half of U.S. states, evidence is limited about the preparation of physicians-in-training to prescribe medical marijuana. We asked whether current medical school and graduate medical educational training prepare physicians to prescribe medical marijuana. METH...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.010
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
