Abstract:
:Mycobacterial infections have caused enormous morbidity and mortality in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Of these, the most devastating has been tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of death among HIV-positive persons globally. TB has killed more people living with HIV than any other infection. Diagnosis of latent TB infection (LTBI) is critical as treatment can prevent emergence of TB disease. Bacteriologic confirmation of TB disease should be sought whenever possible as well as drug susceptibility testing. When detected early, drug susceptible TB is curable. Similar to TB, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can also produce pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections including disseminated disease that can be fatal. Diagnosis through accurate identification of the pathogenic organism will greatly inform treatment. Depending on the NTM identified, treatment may not be curable. Ultimately, preventive strategies such as initiation of antiretroviral drugs and treatment of LTBI are interventions expected to have significant impacts on control of TB and NTM in the setting of HIV. This chapter will review the impact of pulmonary mycobacterial infections on HIV-positive individuals.
journal_name
Semin Respir Crit Care Medjournal_title
Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicineauthors
Haas MK,Daley CLdoi
10.1055/s-0036-1572559subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-04-01 00:00:00pages
230-42issue
2eissn
1069-3424issn
1098-9048journal_volume
37pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Sinonasal sarcoidosis is a fairly uncommon, yet clinically challenging, manifestation of this systemic disease. The diagnosis is often difficult to establish, treatment options are often unclear, and ultimate clinical responses can be quite variable. This article discusses the varied clinical presentations of this unu...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2002-36519
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disease. Some of this is accounted for by CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) dysfunction in individual organs but in some cases this is compounded by the effects of systemic inflammation. The inflammation is in response to the chronic infection in the airways and is particularly im...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2007-981651
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The median age of presentation with lung cancer is 71, making the elderly the dominant subgroup. Although some elderly patients are frail, others have great physiological reserve. Geriatric assessment can clarify the specific strengths and weaknesses of older patients, improving management. This assessment should, at ...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0033-1358560
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The term atypical pneumonia was first used in 1938, and by the 1970s it was widely used to refer to pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila (or other Legionella species), and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. However, in the purest sense all pneumonias other than the classic bacterial pneumonias are aty...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0032-1315636
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The diaphragm is the most important muscle of ventilation. Its contraction is key to the development of intrathoracic pressures. Diseases that affect diaphragmatic function result in decreased pressure-generating capacity by the respiratory muscles. If the involvement is severe or if there is underlying respiratory pa...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2002-33036
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mortality from the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the infant respiratory distress syndrome remains high despite numerous interventions and modalities. Perfluorocarbons (PFC) are inert liquids that can dissolve large amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide and can be used as respiratory media. Partial liqu...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2000-9852
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection occurs worldwide and is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in 5- to 20-year-olds. The most reliable diagnostic test is the enzyme immunoassay, which allows immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM titration and presents 92% sensitivity and 95% specificity on paired samples....
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2005-925525
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Amyloidosis is the term given to abnormal deposition of misfolded precursor proteins at single or multiple sites, leading to organ dysfunction or clinical signs and symptoms. Pulmonary manifestations are nonspecific and may be associated with several amyloid protein subtypes, commonly AL (light chain) and AA (autoimmu...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0040-1708059
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type:
doi:10.1055/s-0038-1676969
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients admitted to the neuroscience intensive care unit (NICU) may have respiratory compromise from either central or peripheral neurological pathology, and may hence require intubation and mechanical ventilation for very diverse reasons. Liberation from invasive ventilation, that is, extubation, at the earliest pos...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0037-1608773
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cystic fibrosis (CF) has been a primary focus for gene therapy of lung diseases because the genetic cause is known and the airway epithelium is accessible for direct deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) delivery. Soon after the mutated gene was identified in 1989, investigators demonstrated that transfer of a normal copy of th...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2004-815670
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite advances in positive pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea, compliance continues to be a problem for many patients. Sleep apnea surgery is a viable option for patients who are intolerant of positive pressure therapy. This review presents the current state of the art in sleep apnea surgery, including air...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2005-864201
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Advances have been made in minimally invasive diagnostic procedures in sarcoidosis, including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), endobronchial ultrasonography-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA), and positron emission tomography (PET). Several independent groups found almost identical predictive values of t...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0030-1262207
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the past 5 years, there has arguably been a shift in the pathologic diagnosis of lung cancer, especially adenocarcinoma, moving toward a more patient-centered approach to reporting that works to incorporate information that may be clinically meaningful to prognosis and impactful to clinical management strategy. As ...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0036-1592172
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cor pulmonale frequently develops in patients with restrictive lung disease and neuromuscular disorders. Sleep disordered breathing, including nocturnal hypoventilation and obstructive apnea, has been associated with the development of cor pulmonale and may affect morbidity. The mechanisms responsible for sleep disord...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2003-41090
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a formidable pathogen in the infection arena. It is able to easily adapt to the environment which it inhabits and can also colonize and invade the human host to cause serious infections. In 2011, it was responsible for 7.1% of all health care-associated infection in the United States. The mor...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0034-1396907
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is the third most common cardiovascular pathology after coronary disease and cerebrovascular diseases and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in the general population. Full-dose anticoagulation is the st...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0032-1311796
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::For treatment of sarcoidosis, one should develop a long-term management plan. Factors to be considered include the organ involvement and severity of symptoms. Different organ manifestations may require different treatments. Intensity of treatment is usually based on severity of disease or potential for organ failure o...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0034-1376401
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease of unknown cause, occurring in adults, limited to the lungs and associated with the pathologic and radiologic pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia. Prognosis is poor, and most patients die of respiratory failure within 3 to 6 years from the o...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0036-1580693
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are typically environmental organisms residing in soil and water. Although generally of low pathogenicity to humans, NTM can cause a wide array of clinical diseases; pulmonary disease is most frequent, followed by lymphadenitis in children, skin disease by M. marinum (particularly...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0033-1333569
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this review is to familiarize a broad range of medical professionals with a relatively new and growing problem of infections caused by mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis and M. leprae. There are at least 60 mycobacterial species that have been identified as causative agents of diseases in humans. T...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2004-829501
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Asthma is a heterogeneous disorder with a complex etiology. Prevalence rates for asthma have been increasing in many countries over the past few decades. While it is unclear why this increase is occurring, the variation reported in asthma prevalence and severity associated with ethnicity offers some insight into the d...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0037-1618568
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world. However, there is large geographic variation internationally and within nations. Despite the fact that many causes of lung cancer have been established, cigarette smoking is the principal cause. Accounting for historical prevalence of cigarette smoking is ...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2008-1076742
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the lung is frequently involved by disseminated lymphoma, isolated pulmonary lymphoma is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all extranodal localized disease. Three broad categories of lymphoma of the lung require recognition: in rare instances, large B cell type lymphoma can present primarily in the lung; a...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2005-922032
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Computed tomography (CT) is the core imaging modality for the evaluation of thoracic disorders. With the recently developed dual-energy CT (DECT) technique, the clinical utility of CT in the management of pulmonary diseases can be expanded. The most actively investigated principle of dual energy is material decomposit...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363452
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bleeding from gastroesophageal varices is a frequent complication of cirrhosis. Mortality from a variceal bleeding episode has decreased in the last 2 decades from 40% to 15 to 20% due to the implementation of effective treatments and improvement in the general medical care. Initial treatment should include adequate f...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0032-1301734
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article discusses the pleural effusions that occur with the post-cardiac injury (Dressler's) syndrome (PCIS) and those that occur after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The PCIS can occur after any type of cardiac injury and is thought to be due to anti-myocardial antibodies. The primary symptoms are ...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2001-18802
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A significant number of drugs and toxins have been associated with eosinophilic pneumonia. Antibiotics and NSAID, are the most commonly reported drugs. Toxins suspected to cause eosinophilic pneumonia include cigarette smoke and illicit drugs. Drug- or toxin-induced eosinophilic pneumonia is indistinguishable from idi...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2006-939522
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::When Dr. Joseph Lynch, editor of Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, invited us to organize and edit this topic we-and our contributors-were initially baffled about how we could marry outcomes, ethics, and economics. His perspective as an elder-statesman, who has observed the evolution of critical care...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1055/s-0032-1322413
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past 3 decades, antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), has escalated dramatically worldwide. In the late 1970s, strains of pneumococci displaying resistance to penicillin were described in South Africa and Spain. By the early 1990s...
journal_title:Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0029-1202939
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00